Framework of research methodology

Structure of exploration strategy Presentation The reason for this part is to portray the Framework of examination approach followed in this proposal in detail. The elaboration alongside the conversation on different kinds of exploration will be examined to clarify the methodology and techniques for the introduction of examination work. From the view purpose of numerous analysts that Research Methodology is a structure procedure which comprises of bit by bit approach driving towards the finish of considerable outcomes. In light of various view point assessment the analyst of this postulation venture recommend that Research Methodology is only a structure or bit by bit approach yet its a total edge work of segments which comprise of the accompanying: Distinguish the issue Proliferate the thought for conceivable arrangement/Brain Storming process Information Collection from the variable sources Assess the example information Finish up the outcomes Concluded the Theory As it were from one of the analyst gives his announcements as â€Å"Research configuration gives the paste that holds the exploration venture together. A plan is utilized to structure the exploration, to show how the entirety of the significant pieces of the examination venture the examples or gatherings, measures, medicines or projects, and techniques for task cooperate to attempt to address the focal examination questions.† [http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/design.php] The Research Hypothesis Behind each exploration work there is positively some theory consistently included, hence similarly there are numerous theories are given by the various scientists in different examination papers about the examination procedure, to give elaboration under the light of those speculation the specialist has taken them here as reference. â€Å"The research or logical theory is a proper agreed proclamation foreseeing a solitary examination result, a provisional clarification of the connection between at least two factors. For the speculation to be testable, the factors must be operationally characterized. The will be, the analyst determines what tasks were directed, or tests utilized, to gauge every factors. Hence the theory concentrates the examination on a clear objective and figures out what perceptions or measures are to be used† [Research philosophy: methods and patterns by Dr. Y.K Singh and Dr. R.B Bajpai Book] The way of thinking of the examination philosophy is to accomplish the ideal outcomes, for which it is important to receive certain means, which is otherwise called Frame work of study. There front the improvement in the examination should be possible. Numerous Researchers have contended that these exploration speculations by the analyst incorporates those suspicions which ought to be indispensable and in which the scientist sees the world with the goal that these presumptions will bolster the specialist system and techniques he chose as a piece of that methodology. Where as the exploration can done in different manners , dependent on the prerequisites of the proposition ventures, however to smooth out and to get the most out happen to the examination there ought to be a casing work of the postulation must be embraced. [Self] â€Å"Such ways of thinking are considered as an apparatus to locate the most ideal method of having research done, and these ways of thinking empower the analyst to get a well parity conclusion† [Stiles, J. (2003) ‘A Philosophical Justification for a Realist Approach Qualitative Market Research: An International diary, Volume 6, Number 04] The Aims and Objective The points and goal of this exploration is to create a record over a Meta examination on GPON and EPON advancements with the poll based studies. For this reason a redid approach/system has been embraced dependent on the gauges gave by the specialist to this nature of work. Sorts of procedures There are two sorts of examination design procedures gave by the analysts one is called Qualitative exploration and the second is called quantitative examination. Sinuff et al. (2007, p.105) characterized Qualitative examination as â€Å"A Qualitative exploration offers elucidating models of conduct, social association, and social collaboration that can be utilized to improve conduct and encounters. It is appropriate to exploratory examinations of issues which about little are known†. As indicated by Amaratunga et al. (2002), subjective methodology focuses on words and perceptions to discover an end and it additionally endeavors to structure the individuals in the sociologies. On opposite side, quantitative exploration principally depends on the numbers that speaks to the sentiments and ideas about the specific examination. They further contended that the wealth and comprehensive quality of subjective information can offer solid help for uncovering complexities in research process. Besides, the data for subjective exploration is regularly gathered over a more extended timeframe in this manner it makes investigating increasingly expansiv e. As indicated by Amaratunga et al. (2002) quantitative examination configuration has been considered as proper for looking at the conduct segment. It has been worried about estimating the genuine estimation of the suggestions. It permits the adaptability in looking at the information, as far as factual investigation, near examinations and repeatability of information assortment for affirming legitimacy of the exploration. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] Web connect: [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Amaratunga et al. (2002) have summed up a portion of the qualities of quantitative exploration, which are appeared as follows; Its procedure is brisk and furthermore conservative. The subject under investigation is broke down and watched freely. In quantitative examination the correlation and replication is permitted. The unwavering quality and legitimacy can be acquired more unbiasedly than the subjective. In Quantitative examination, information is gathered from the enormous example that may impact the arrangement choices. The subject under examination is investigated and seen by receiving the target techniques as opposed to simply been centered around the subjectivity through sensation and reflection. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Exploration Approach (Qualitative Vs Quantitative) The exploration approach can be either Qualitative or Quantitative, though both have there focal points and drawbacks in various situations. A quantitative methodology comprises of the information which will gauge, portray and clarify all the procedures, this kind of approach are applies to logical investigates, where the information is taken as test and to acquire the outcomes. A Qualitative methodology is the one wherein information is tried to research, decipher and to understand the procedures. In the underneath given table a correlation can be seen. Examination strategies As in past it is expressed by the scientists that there are different strategies received to get the most yield of the exploration work. There front as if there should arise an occurrence of this postulation which depends on Meta examination the accompanying recorded advances will be followed. Writing Review Poll based Survey Review Analysis End/Result set Information Collection, Surveys and Questionnaire Information Collection Methods Information can be gathered for the exploration purposes in two strategies, essential information assortment and auxiliary information assortment, which are characterized underneath: Essential Data In this sort of exploration the scientist needs to gather all the data identified with the subject, by connecting himself with various experts identified with the examination theme. Information can be gathered for different reasons, for example, doing explore from the associations point of view, where the specialist needs to do meets and get ready polls that are helpful to get pertinent data (). Essential exploration can be chaotic and tedious as the specialist needs to achieve the information from the individuals who are in a roundabout way or straightforwardly related with the subject which is being investigated. The purpose behind not to utilize essential exploration is on the grounds that retail division is extremely tremendous area, and requires intensive comprehension of its activities. Essential examination should be done when there are absence of data accessible through auxiliary exploration, which can be acquired careful essential examination by leading telephonic meetings, sent polls or by center gathering that is another motivation behind why the scientist pick the strategy for optional examination to accumulate all the applicable data. [Quinton, S. what's more, Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate exploration in business: a basic guide, London: Sage publications] In the event that the examination is of essential information assortment, at that point there are two sorts of perceptions, members perceptions which is more accentuation on subjective and the second is organized perceptions which is progressively joined to quantitative (). [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. what's more, Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, second Edition, England: Pearson Education] Member And Structured Observations â€Å"Participant perception is a significant exploration system which intends to increase a nearby and cozy commonality inside a gathering of people, and their practices† (wikipedia, 2007). Their serious contribution is additionally required with the individuals in their indigenous habitat. [online] Available at: [Accessed tenth dec 2006]. Assortment Of Primary Data Utilization of relational int

Impact of Supplementing the Diet with Extra Creatine :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Proffesor’s remark: I was extremely satisfied by how altogether this understudy dove into the subject of creatine supplementation for this writing survey. His underlying draft was sorted out in a manner that showed he had control of the material and had the option to assemble it coherently . He demonstrated a solid feeling of his audience’s needs by gathering the aftereffects of the exploration articles under clear points. Presentation The human body utilizes creatine phosphate to deliver ATP, the essential vitality gracefully for working muscles. Creatine phosphate is framed through an enzymatic procedure from creatine, which is made out of the amino acids arginine, methionine, and glycine. Creatine is delivered basically in the liver, yet may likewise be made in the pancreas and kidneys. People both utilize and orchestrate around two grams of creatine daily, thusly looking after homeostasis. Creatine can likewise be expended in specific nourishments. The most extravagant sources are found in creature proteins, for example, red meat and fish. Be that as it may, fixations in these nourishments are moderately low: one pound of red meat contains around two grams of creatine. Analysts have discovered that enhancing the eating regimen with additional creatine, past what most of individuals ingest from their ordinary weight control plans, can deliver noteworthy impacts. Creatine supplementation can have potential advantages on body piece, athletic execution, and infection conditions. In any case, an ideal convention for enhancing creatine has not yet been found. Creatine supplementation has sound conceivable short and long haul symptoms. A more prominent by and large comprehension of creatine supplementation will help people and doctors to settle on better educated choices about whether to utilize creatine supplements. Advantages Creatine effectsly affects body arrangement. Subjects who enhanced with creatine expanded complete weight and sans fat mass while fat mass stayed steady (Kreider et al., 1998; Grindstaff et al., 1997; Volek et al., 1997). Three components are answerable for this change. In the first place, expending abundance creatine brings about more noteworthy intramuscular creatine stores (Casey et al., 1996). Water goes with this abundance creatine into muscle cells. In this manner, more water can be put away inside the muscle. Second, protein combination might be upgraded because of the expanded muscle cell volume. This upgrade may prompt amassing of protein inside the muscle fiber. At long last, since creatine phosphate produces ATP, the measure of vitality put away inside the muscle is expanded (Casey et al., 1996). This expansion may prompt an upgraded limit with regards to exercises that utilization ATP as the essential vitality source, for example, brief length, serious muscle constriction s as in weight lifting.

MIT is just another place

MIT is just another place The Tech MITs oldest and largest newspaper (established in 1861!) published a letter to the editor from Folkers E. Rojas on February 28th that I found quite intriguing (and think you might, too). I especially agree with Folkers paragraph that begins I started to paint again.  Without further ado, here are Folkers words: MIT is just another place Prior to arriving at MIT, you might harbor the notion that it is a magical place where unicorns, dragons, and fairies exist. After the first three weeks, the honeymoon is over and you find out that it is a lot of work. The work is manageable, but only if you are not in 10 other activities outside of classes. Supposedly, students that are accepted to MIT are “well-rounded.” In reality, we found science/engineering fun and easy; thus allowing time for us to be the presidents of clubs, play sports, and sleep. Everyone hits the realization that you can’t do everything some time during the first four terms at MIT. I was told prior to arriving at MIT that it was going to be hard work, so I came prepared to reduce my nonacademic commitments. For the first three terms, I treated MIT like most upperclassmen have in the past, and like some freshmen and sophomores still do: a place to leave after earning a degree. Then I came to the realization that I was unhappy, not because of MIT, but because I had forgotten who I was. MIT became about surviving classes, not pursuing knowledge. I decided to make an effort to enjoy MIT, and that is when it all got better. I started to paint again, to work out, and to have a social life. When it came to classes, every class had a purpose. Each class had a syllabus of their goals and objectives; then I would find something that I wanted to learn that could run in parallel to the course material. For example, I took 2.001 (Mechanics and Materials I) because I wanted to be able to design a small-scale bridge and calculate how strong I could make it for very little weight. I never ended up making the bridge, but every time I went to class I thought of how I could use the course material to design it. Stress, beam bending, and trusses became tools for what I wanted to do and ceased being academic objectives. Grades started to no longer matter. I stopped going after the A or B in the course; instead, I went for understanding the material and concepts. I can always go back to a book to find an equation, but understanding the “why” was more important. My approach was not foolproof. I did poorly in classes and realized that it was better to finish the term with three good classes than with four/five poor classes. You don’t get anything out of taking five classes if you don’t do well. Focus on deeply understanding the material. It is important to note that we are not defined by our failures. We are defined how we overcome our failures and move forward. Research is all about failing, and knowing what does not work, so we can discover and innovate on the one thing that works. Faculty have drawers of rejected papers and proposals. Those who have never failed do not understand the process of getting up. On a recent plane flight, I was sitting next to an MIT alum and we had a nice long conversation. We share a bond that transcends time; we both survived Boot Camp MIT. Staying up until 3 a.m. working on a problem set question because you want to find the answer; you don’t want it given to you. We have the ability to create our own heaven or hell. It really depends on the individual. Try discussing probability with people outside of MIT or quantum mechanics, and chances are that you are going to feel different or misunderstood. Or brilliant! MIT is just another place. You can be successful without coming to MIT. It is the drive for knowledge, to be surrounded by individuals that feel the same nerdy way we do about science and engineering that brings us together to such a place. You have to love the place, in order to be happy. If not, why did you come to MIT in the first place? MIT is not a place where parental desires matter. At the end of the day, there is only your desire for knowledge that will keep you up at night. For me, MIT is a playground. I can play around going on the monkey bars and have fun, or consider it exercise and be miserable. After 16 continuous terms (SB, MS, and now PhD candidate) at the Institute, I have found that MIT has so much more to offer than classes. Your education is only half of the learning. Sometimes the other half is the most important half with three important points: One, learning to keep good friends; two, enjoying life independent of the work load; and three, getting to know yourself. I joke around with “renewing my contract” with the Institute, and that I must be insane to keep wanting to stay here. There are no bars or time required to stay; the only thing that keeps us here is our desire. We can all leave at any time we please, move on with our lives, and be successful in the world. MIT is just another place where we come together for the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth: nothing more, nothing less. There are no unicorns, unless they are part of a hack. The only dragon is probably one painted on the halls of Bexley. We don’t have fairies â€" only snow flurries. Folkers E. Rojas G Heres a link to the article on the TECHs website:  http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N7/letters.html Thanks for allowing me to repost this Folkers! -Gabe

Social Identity Theory And Social Interaction Theory Essay

Social Identity Theory In 1979, Tajfel and Turner are recognized for the development of social identity theory (SIT) (Tajfel Turner, 1979). Through earlier studies, Tajfel attempted to understand mechanisms that lead to group members to discriminate against non-group members, which lead to evolution of SIT (Hogg, van Knippenberg, Rast, 2012). The Tajfel and Turner developed SIT with the purpose of understanding social group discrimination (Tajfel Turner, 1979). SIT is based on three concepts: Social categorization; social identity, and social comparison (Tajfel Turner, 1979; Hogg, van Knippenberg, Rast, 2012; Mols, Weber, 2013). SIT has been used in psychological research for many of years, but has also provided a theoretical framework for research in many disciplines including human services to understand social changes of groups (Hogg, van Knippenberg, Rast, 2012). Key Constructs Social categorization. Social categorization is how individuals sees or put themselves andr others into categories (Mols, Weber, 2013). Typical categories often used to label self are interest, race, gender, profession, and other factors (Mols, Weber, 2013). Individuals who categorize themselves and other members with similar characteristics, form a group the members are consider an in-group (Tajfel Turner, 1979; Hogg, van Knippenberg, Rast, 2012; Mols, Weber, 2013).An out-group is any that does not identify or observed the same characteristics as the in-group which oftenShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 PagesMy Favorite Sociological Theory Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note My Favorite Sociological Theory There were several theories that I found interesting as a part of the course, yet the theory that I connected with most personally was Symbolic Interaction. 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Tomb of Unknown - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 721 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Tomb of the Unknowns The Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery is a monument dedicated to American soldiers who have given their life in battle, only to be unidentifiable. Many people recognize the name, â€Å"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier†, but that is not the official name. It as a tool of closure for families whose loved ones paid the ultimate price for their country and whose bodies were not recovered or not recognizable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tomb of Unknown" essay for you Create order Bodies from every major conflict that America has been involved with, beginning with World War I, are buried in this homage to our unknown troops. The construction of this monument symbolized an emotion of not only what was lost, but what has also survived. It inspires tribute to our soldiers that have perished fighting to protect and serve their fellow countryman. This tomb recognizes that although the brave members of our armed services may die in battle, that we appreciate and will never forget the sacrifice that they have given for the rest of us. In order for this monument to be relevant to future generations, I believe that we can never forget the human tragedy of war. War is brutal and hideous, yet at the same time necessary from time to time for the survival of the innocent. As time passes, history will repeat itself and war will occur. With the scientific and medical advancements that have been made, it is becoming increasingly unlikely that soldiers’ remains will be unidentifiable. At the same time the same advancements in science and increasingly devastating weapons increase the possibility that soldiers could very well be unidentifiable. It is important that in the event that a body is not able to be identified, that we do have a representative from each war where this happens buried at this tomb. People remember and pass down significant happenings in their lives; very rarely do individuals share important history with the younger generation. For this monument to have meaning to future generations and centuries, it is important for the President to be present on Memorial and Veterans Days. With a Presidential appearance twice a year, it is certain that the majority of people will be unable to forget and appreciate this monument and what it symbolizes. The habits, not just of a single President, but of the Presidential Office do not go unnoticed and forgotten. Our leader’s actions are always in the public eye and his show of respect would set an example for the rest of the nation to follow. I also believe that everyone should visit this somber reminder that life is indeed fragile. It is sometimes a hard concept to grasp until you have seen the respect and honor that the guards of this tomb have for their fallen brethren. There are not many changes that I deem necessary for this monument. I believe that the cracks that have formed in the marble do need to be fixed. It makes the ground somewhat uneven and could eventually go all the way through the marble causing permanent damage. A damaged and broken monument does not serve the purpose that it was originally constructed for. It is also disrespectful to the unknown soldiers and the families of the unknown. I also believe that it needs to be more recognizable to citizens of this country. It is debatable that a large percentage of our population does not know of this monument. Name and Location of Monument: Tomb of Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery Name 3 aspects of culture or three ideals it symbolized at the time it was placed: Remembrance of men that gave their life for our country Outpouring of emotion, not only for what was lost, but for what has survived Inspires gratitude Name 3 major cultural features that will need to be addressed in this monument to make it relevant in the 22nd century: Human tragedy of war Future unidentifiable bodies buried there Information passed down to future generations What ideal, theme, or symbol I think the monument would need to encompass in order to have meaning for the people of the 22nd century: Presidential attendance on Memorial and Veterans Days Witness changing of the guard What 2 or 3 primary changes would my re-envisioned monument incorporate? Properly fix cracks formed in marble Make it more known to the citizens of this country

Rethinking Calculus Free Essays

Mathematics can sometimes seem scary for me, and I am sure that a lot of other high school students feel the same way. Maybe, it’s because we often see math as merely a series of problems to be solved and rules to master and apply. Calculus is one of the branches of math that some students like me find intimidating to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Rethinking Calculus or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper aims to establish an appreciation and better understanding of calculus by reviewing its historical groundings and giving the practical application of the subject. The foundation of calculus did not just appear in history, in fact, mathematicians had encountered numerous difficulties and problems that had led to their desire to find ways in which to offer solutions. It is the case that although Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz were the ones to formulate the theorems of Calculus we know today, a fair share of mathematicians began utilizing concepts of calculus as early as the greek period. Calculus was developed from ancient Greek geometry. It was mainly use to Democritus calculated the volumes of pyramids and cones, probably by regarding them as consisting of infinitely many cross-sections of infinitesimal (infinitely small) thickness, and Eudoxus and Archimedes used the â€Å"method of exhaustion†, finding the area of a circle by approximating it arbitrarily closely with inscribed polygons. In fact it was Archimedes who was the first person to find an approximation of the area of the circle using the â€Å"method of exhaustion†; it was the first samples of integration and led to the approximated values of ? (pi). In line with the developments in the field of theoretical mathematics, it can be said that mathematicians encountered their own difficulties with math problems before they were able to actually find the answers through calculus. It was not until the 16th century when mathematicians found the need to further develop the methods that could be used to calculate areas bounded by curves and spheres. Johannes Kepler for example had to find the area of the sectors of the ellipse in order for him to proceed with his work in planetary motion. He was lucky enough to find the answer in two tries despite the then crude methods of calculus. Imagine if he was unable to compute the area of ellipses during that time, chances are there would have been a delay in the development of astronomical science. It was through Kepler’s exploration of integration that laid groundwork for the further study of Cavalieri, Roberval, and Fermat. The latter especially contributed a great deal to calculus by generalizing the parabola and hyperbola as y/a = (x/b)2 to (y/a)n = (x/b)m and y/a = b/x to (y/a)n = (b/x)m respectively. It is the case that some mathematicians (like Joseph Louis Langrange) consider Fermat to be the father of calculus, especially with his formulation of the method used in acquiring the maxima and minima by calculating when the derivative of the function was 0; this method is not far from that which we use today in solving such equations. The formulas we use today to determine motion at variable speeds use calculus. Toricelli and Barrow were the first mathematicians to explore the problem of motion by implicitly applying the inverse of differentiation, integral and derivative as inverses of each other in asserting that the derivative of distance is velocity and vice versa. Newton and Leibniz are considered to be the inventors of calculus because of their discovery of the fundamental theorems of calculus. However though both shares credit for the latter, Newton was able to apply it further showing its use both in his works in physics and planetary motion which are considered the most significant of all his contributions. The three laws of motion echoed if not are born out of the notion that since the world changes and derivatives are the rates of changes, and then the latter becomes pivotal to any scientific endeavor that attempts to understand the world. Newton was able to use calculus in determine a lot of things during his time. We must remember though, that in voicing Newton it is good to reminisce his advice that abstractions and concepts don’t stand alone, they’re pieced together with other ideas to find a solution, an answer. This goes with his Newtonian laws, which if we are to really understand we must see how it relates with his law of gravitational force. Calculus bridges the gaps between theoretical math and the applied sciences/mathematics; if we are to look at it exclusively then we would miss the entire point of why we use it as such fail to realize its true value. Calculus plays a role in the natural, physical as well as the social sciences; it is being employed in solving numerous problems that wishes to determine the maximum and minimum rates of change. It is capable of describing the physical processes that occur around us. It has even been used to solve paradoxes created during the time of Zeno in ancient Greece. It is impossible to imagine how we can be able to understand the world today without the calculus as one of our tools in acquiring knowledge. We may perhaps still be slaves to mystical forces that were claimed to be the cause of change in this world. Mathematics would remain to us mere abstractions if calculus was not introduced to become the mediator of thought and practice. The development of other disciplines would have not followed without first establishing the existence of the fundamental concepts of calculus. Things which in history were thought to be inconceivable were able to have a figure that man can understand and therefore have the capacity to manipulate though not complete control. Students like me get frustrated when trying to solve a mathematical problem and failing once or twice. Reading on the history of calculus made me realize that mathematicians would not have come up with the theorems and methods we use today if they too decided to simply get frustrated. In as much as Calculus teaches you at what rate things change and how the infinite can be understood, one could also learn the value of knowing something even if exclusively it seems unimportant. In order for us to appreciate the subject we must look at it as part of the greater system of knowledge, without it all things would not be coherent. How to cite Rethinking Calculus, Papers

Business and Corportaion Law Acceptance

Question: Discuss about the Business and Corportaion Lawfor Acceptance. Answer: The primary obligation of a suitable contract is a conformity that normally consists of an proposal and acceptance. It involves gathering of like minds together, meaning agreement between parties of similar minds. There are a number of composite rules that exist to determine the involvement of proposal and acceptance. In the famous case of, Carill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, it was held by the Court that an proposal is different from an invitation to deal. To distinguish between the two, one needs to understand the intention of the party making the statement. The test of determination is indeed a difficult one. Determination has to be made based on the declaration, whether the declaration was an affirmative sentence or simply result of further negotiation (Ayres Schwartz, 2014). The contract law is the essential division of commandment in this case. It does not consist of exact rules and regulations relatively it lays the position of values that, restricts the privileges and obligations of the parties to the agreement. Thus, the parties to the agreement should not break the lawful obligations. The business law states that, every declaration and every form of declarations forms a contemplation for the additional party. A proposal, when approved by the supplementary party is called a guarantee. The given definition of formation of agreement suits important to analyze the given scenario. Therefore, for an agreement to become a contract two essentials are important to fulfill, proposal and acceptance of the proposal made (Chen, 2012). In the aforementioned case, there is proposal and multiple acceptances of the proposal made. Alan makes the proposal. Alan decides to promote a book called Introduction to Business Law in Singapore," which was part of the obligatory paper in Commercial Law. Alan posted on a social networking site about his proposal. He made the proposal on November 1. The advertising cost of the book was $200.00. Alan specified the cut-off date for sum on November 5, 2014. Bernard established the present made by Alan. He responded to the post of Alan accommodating his proposal. Alan, though, gave no additional permission to the reply of Bernard. Bernard sent the money to Alan via courier on November 7, 2014. Alan gave his unique book and remarked that his comments are printed in the paperback. Alana has younger sister named Charleen. She also saw the post made by Alan and was interested to purchase the book at $200. Alan did not get Charleens receipt gravely. Alan thought that she is too immature to use that book. Alan, however, agreed to Charleens acceptance while he was thinking about something else. A agreement was formed between the brother and the sister.On November 6, 2014, after getting her pouch money, Charleen gave $200.00 to Alan. She left the money on the table for her brother. Damien also showed his interest towards for the book and was ready to accept the proposal made by Alan. On November 4, 2014, Damien met Alan in his college. Damien gave him $200.00 in money. Alan kept the cash and said that he will provide all the matter in November 7, 2014. On the same day, he purchased a analogous book from a supermarket and gave the book to Damien. The agreement that was formed between Alan and Bernard was no contract. Alan accepted the cash that was send by Bernard and accordingly handled the book to him on November 7, 2014. This act or was wrong on the side of Alan. Shortly it was established that the book was obtainable free of cost at Kaplan Higher Education. Consequently, Alan is legally accountable for the fake proposal made by him. Bernard can file a suit for compensation and damages for the proposal made by Alan. When Alan posted about his proposal, Bernard responded to the proposal made on November. Alan posted the cost of the book as $ 200.Bernard made a contradict proposal to the proposal made by Alan. The contradict prproposal made by Bernard was $150. A counter proposal is an prproposal that is made against the first proposal. This type of proposal may be accepted or rejected. A counter proposal is the amendment of the primary proposal making the proposal more feasable and reasonable. To accept or reject the counterproposal is always left at the freedom of the proposalee. When an individual makes a counterproposal then the person is free to either recognize the proposal or decline it (Williams, 2014). In the given situation also, Bernard made a counter proposal to Alan. Alan neither accepted the counter proposal made by him, nor expressly rejected it. On November 3, 2014, Bernard made compensation for Alan and posted the amount to Alan. Consequently, Alan acknowledged the sum and send the book to Bernard. In this case, if we apply the postal rule then the contract is said to be formed. However, Alan never gave confirmation to Bernard in response to the counterproposal made by him. Alan accepted the sum and delivered the book. In this case Bernards legal position is nowhere. The reason behind this is that no agreement survived between Alan and him. Alan never acknowledged the oppose proposal made by Bernard. Therefore, we can terminate that no valid agreement existed between Alan and Bernard. Alans younger sister is Charleen. She is a student of O level. When she saw the proposal made by Alan she was also interested in trading the book on Commercial Law from her brother. Charleen agreed to make the sum to his brother. When Charleen approached his brother, Alan simply nodded his head in response to what Charleen said. When Alan nodded his head he was thinking about something else, he was imagining about football. Therefore, Alan was not in a appropriate intelligence of mind when he decided to Charleens acceptance to his proposal. In the given case, the query that arises here is whether there existed a suitable agreement between Alan and Charleen. Presumingly, if Charleen was a student of O level, then her age is not more than 16 or 17 years. She is still a child. By law of agreement, an agreement with minor is no agreement. Similarly since Charleen and Alan were kin of one another in this matter, the Court should seriously think about such an agreement as simply social and household understanding. Law does not tie a communal and residential understanding. One can't file a suit for violation of agreement against another. In this way, in this domain too, no agreement survived amid Alan and Charleen. In the same contextual investigation, it was likewise watched that while Alan gestured his head and acknowledged the proposal of Alan he was not in a decent perspective. He gestured equivocally without further transactions with Charleen. In this way, it might be assumed here that the agreement between Charleen and A lan was simply local in character and genuine, no real agreement survived between them. Damien was Bernard's companion. Damien found Alans telephone integer. Damien made a counter proposal to Alan by means of SMS. Damien gave the cash to Alan on November 4, 2014, and on November 7, 2014, Alan gave the book alongwith the notes to Damien. It is the agreement between Alan and Damien that is legitimate and has satisfied every component of a substantial agreement. The accompanying rudiments are crucial for an agreement to get satisfied. They are the following: proposal, acceptance, consideration, intention and legitimate connection. As against Bernard and Charleen, just Damien has satisfied every component of a suitable agreement. Therefore, a substantial contract is framed between Alan and Damien. Since Bernard made a counter proposal to Alan that was not acknowledged by Alan and by the rule of postal guideline, the agreement gets to be invalid. Similarly as far as Charleen is concerned, she being child did not have the power to bond with her sibling, Alan. Thus, on November 23, 2014, Bernard and Damien found that the book on Commercial Law was issued free of charge by Kaplan Higher Education. Alan additionally made changes on his introductory proposal. Alan expressed that he protected a elevated refinement score, however he found out how to get score "credit" for his test. Moreover, he said that he would furnish extra notes besides the book. Nonetheless, he furnished no additional comments with the course book to Bernard. Convincingly, Damien can seek legal activity towards Alan distorting the estimation of the book. Subsequently there was no legitimate agreement between Bernard and Alan, Bernard can assert for reimbursement from Alan. Damien, despite what might be expected, can file a suit for harms or remuneration from Alan. By law of agreement in case that if any of parties break the agreement, then the abused party might record a suit for reimbursement or indemnity. The expense of the harm or remuneration is evaluated by misfortune endured by him. The different option for resolution of dispute is, arbitration, mediation, and litigation. Mediation is the procedure whereby an impartial outsider helps the parties in dispute achieves a willful choice. Conciliation is a casual, well disposed and private method for settling a argument. It helps in determining any contention whether individual or business. An arbiter presides over the dispute resolution. The mediator who presides over the meeting helps both parties to solve their dispute in such a way that it is satisfactory by both the parties in dispute (Puil Weele, 2014). However, adjudication is a more official method of dispute resolution. The system of evimainsence and test are often supple and tranquil. The arbitrator is a person that controls over the argument between the parties. He uses more flexible rules for evidence and trial. The decision that is made by the authority is compulsory on both the parties. In the process of arbitration where the decision is not binding on the parties, the parties may file a plea before the trial court for the resolution of their argument. Arbitration is best suited for situations where the person wants to decide the result of the dispute which otherwise is luxurious and extensive (Deakin Morris, 2012). One of the best methods of solving dispute is litigation. Litigation is the process that takes place in the Court of rule. In a official process of proceedings the applicant files a suit against the defendant. The applicant and the defendant have the right to hire lawful advisors, who present their matter before the Court of Law in sustain of their proceedings. The judgment is concluding and compulsory upon both the parties. If the opposite party is dissatisfied with the decision of the Court, he can file a suit of appeal against the decision in the higher Court. The process of litigation is time consuming and costly. However, the decision mostly ends in a fair and just way. . It is optional that in all disputes the parties should first resort to alternating argument declaration before filing a suit for proceedings (Knapp, 2013). Reference List: Ayres, I., Schwartz, A. (2014). No-Reading Problem in Consumer Contract Law, The.Stan. L. Rev.,66, 545. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. Deakin, S. F., Morris, G. S. (2012).Labour law. Hart publishing. Gallagher, M. E., Giles, J., Park, A., Wang, M. (2013). China's 2008 labor contract law: implementation and implications for China's workers.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6542). Hillman, R. A. (2012).The richness of contract law: An analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law(Vol. 28). Springer Science Business Media. Knapp, C. L. (2013). Unconscionability in American Contract Law: A Twenty-First Century Survey.UC Hastings Research Paper, (71). Landa, J. T. (2014). A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: an institutional alternative to contract law (with an Afterword).Handbook of East Asian Entrepreneurship, 82. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Poole, J. (2014).Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press, USA. Puil, J. V. D., Weele, A. V. (2014). Contract Law and Tort Law. InInternational Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects(pp. 285-292). Twigg-Flesner, C. (2013).The Europeanisation of contract law: current controversies in law. Routledge. Williams, S. H. (2014). Survey Of South Carolina Law: Contract Law: Consumers And Remedies: Do Limitation Of Liability Clauses Domore Harm Than Good?.SCL Rev.,65, 663-963.

Elizabethan Theater Essays - Lace, James Burbage, The Theatre

Elizabethan Theater Drama changed literature and theater into what it is today. I. History of Elizabethan Theater a. forming of theater 1. medieval church 2. mystery and morality b. actors 1. rogues and thieves 2. acting guilds II. Influences and people a. commanding actors 1. Shakespeare 2. Burbage b. other 1. wars of the roses (other historical influences) 2. laws restricting theater III. The theaters a. prices 1. seating 2. stage b. the theater and the globe 1. locations and characteristics 2. Burbage and other accomplishment Elizabethan Drama During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England underwent a dramatic change in priorities. The importance of art and literature became highly prevalent. The impact of the Elizabethan drama and style still influences culture. It changed altered it into what it modern literature and theater is today. The Elizabethan Age began during the last twenty years of Elizabeth I's reign (Lace, 71). Elizabeth loved the arts and England had increased in wealth and internal peace (Lace, 71). Elizabethan drama placed its roots in the medieval church (Lace, 71). Since all services were held in Latin, a language common people did not speak, priests acted out the stories of the bible to teach (Lace, 71). Beginning in church behind the alter, plays grew more popular as more people wanted to see them (Lace, 71). When there were not enough priests to fill the roles, commoners were given parts. Eventually, the common people took over the plays and the church became less involved (Lace, 72). The biblical plays transformed into mystery and morality plays. Morality plays were more serious and meant to teach people the difference between right and wrong (Lace, 78). Mystery plays, while still teaching morals, were the more entertaining plays. Both were highly religious. The actors of the time led an ambiguous life. In the first half of the 16th century they were seen as little better than thieves; some, in fact, were thieves (Lace, 73). While some actors were performing others would go through the crowds and pick pocket (Lace, 74). Touring companies were small, usually less than ten people (Lace, 74). Actors traveled by wagon and slept in or under them (Lace, 74). Almost no women were actors, women's parts were played by younger boys (Lace, 74). Elizabethan theater was strongly influenced by individuals and events - It also was an influence on the people themselves. Although there were many outstanding actors and playwrights, only a few are acknowledged for their affect in molding early theater. When Christopher Marlowe, the most famous playwright in his time (Lace, 79), died, William Shakespeare was his successor. Shakespeare decided drama was to be his career after seeing the Queen's Players during a visit to his hometown of Stratford-on-Avon in 1587 (Lace, 79). By the time of Marlowe's death, Shakespeare was already well known for his three part "Henry VI" in 1592 (Lace, 79). His plays "Love's Labour's Lost" and "Romeo and Juliet", both in 1594, were performed and he became the most outstanding playwright of his time (Lace, 79). Before Elizabeth's reign was over, "Richard II", "Julius Caesar", "Henry V", and "Hamlet" had been performed (Lace, 79). James Burbage was the second most influential actor of the Elizabethan period, but not only for his acting talent. Burbage built the first ever public playhouse in England, opening in 1576 (Unknown, 218). Burbage financed the building of "The Theater" alone, a well off man but was still considered a rogue. Actors were not the only influence on theater. When Mary Tudor decided the throne was rightfully hers, the War of the Roses ensued (Lace, 73). Because of the War of the Roses, many nobles, that employed actors, were killed (Lace, 73). This forced actors to form their own troupes (Lace, 73). In 1572, parliament passed the Poor Laws, making it a criminal offense to be a vagabond (Lace, 75). This reduced the number of acting companies and required them to be licensed by the government (Lace, 75). Companies already sponsored by nobles were given licenses (Lace, 75). This made gaining legal status an important step for the acting profession (Lace, 75). Informal protection was now backed up by the law, this was useful to the increasing hostility of city officials towards plays and actors (Lace, 75). The cornerstone of Elizabethan Drama were, in fact, the theater houses themselves. At "The Theater" the price of admission was a penny, this entitled one to stand on the ground around the stage (Lace, 77). The poorest and most boisterous were looked down upon by the more well off,

Strolling Down the [AV]

Strolling Down the [AV] Strolling Down the [AV] Strolling Down the [AV] By Maeve Maddox Just when I thought I’d developed a thicker skin regarding linguistic innovation! I was listening to classical music on my local NPR station the other morning when the DJ launched into some public service announcements. The first time she said [av] for avenue I wasn’t sure I’d heard correctly, but then she mentioned another address that included the word avenue. Again she said [av]. And then, leaving no doubt whatever, she pronounced a third address as Central [av]. Say it isn’t so! I need the help of you readers on this one. Googling won’t help me figure out if this is a trend or merely a local aberration. Please let me know if you have heard anyone pronounce the abbreviated form of Avenue as anything other than [ÄÆ'vÉ™-nÃ… «] or [ÄÆ'vÉ™-nyÃ… «] For the record, avenue, abbreviated Ave. or Av., came into the language as a military term meaning â€Å"a way of approach.† Now it refers to a wide street lined with trees or, in some cases, a street having a planted median. In British usage an avenue is the roadway leading from the gate to the front of a country house, like the lovely tree-shaded approach to Manderly in the movie Rebecca. I suppose I shouldn’t be too astonished. The word versus, abbreviated vs. or v. is now universally pronounced [vee]. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Designer babies should not be legalized Research Paper

Designer babies should not be legalized - Research Paper Example Literally, it implies selection of certain features that a parent wishes his or her child to have before preconception (Satoshi 90). The concept of selecting a given trait for a child originated from a technology known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis or PGD. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis remains as a technique employed on embryos got in In vitro Fertilization for screening for genetic diseases (Blazer 56). The technique commonly tests for genetic abnormality in embryos. Based on the results got from this screening test, parents often can be able to choose non-genetically diseased embryos to be implanted in the mother (Sean, Lyn & Tessa 80). In as much as medically the technology seems as advancement, the issue remains on its legality and whether it can be ethically accepted in the society (Sara 83). A number of ethicists often remain wondering on the given future of the technology. A war between conservatist and scientists has constantly been ongoing for centuries. In as muc h as scientists believe that the designer babies technology remains as a major step in the field of genetic engineering, quite a number of controversies and oppositions have arose because of that technology. Therefore, choosing the features of one’s own child should not be legalized due to a number of ethical issues revolving around it. In as much as the issue of designer babies seems to be a technological advancement in the world that could solve a number of problems that mankind has, but if people thought for a moment whether to legalize it or not, many would opt not to legalize it. A number of ethical issues have arisen over the past few years regarding the issue of designer babies in the society thereby leading to many people refusing the idea of legalizing the practice. The ethical issue behind not legalizing the practice of designer babies majorly falls on the use of its technologies, political, social and religious view. Parents being able to choose salient features fo r their children prenatally should not be legally accepted due to technological issues such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis and cloning used in the process of making designer babies (Zahedi & Bargher 88). There are often two types of moral or ethical questions that often get asked regarding designer babies (Sean 34). Often, the first question involves the specific technologies used in selecting or modifying the baby’s genetic makeup. Furthermore, the second question often focuses on the given idea of creating a designer baby (Sonia 55). For any medical technology introduced with a given aim, ethics and safety always play a key role in its enactment. Technological enhancements that prove to be detrimental to the lives of human beings often become not approved and therefore not legally acceptable. Genetically modified technology commonly began in animals like mice and plants and has been tested less on humans. In accordance to Wellman, he describes the method and technique of making such designer babies as straightforward while at the same time talks about it raising concerns on safety (34).Making of a designer baby sometimes begins with the creation of a given embryo via in vitro fertilizayion. It is then genetic engineers that then modify the given embryo’s DNA before introducing it in the womb (Joseph 33). In as much as technology often comes with dazzling procedure and expectation of perfect health, the main thing here is, are they safe being used on humans (Sonia 25). Some technological usage often employ humans as test subjects and try to oversee what will be the aftermath of their experiments (Sonia 15). Medically, they have been cases of experiments being conducted on humans

Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill Term Paper

Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill - Term Paper Example Its Exploration and Production’s activities falls under three key areas. The first is upstream activities which include oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production. The second is Midstream activities which include pipeline, transportation and processing activities related to its upstream activities (BP PLC (BP), 2011). The third is marketing and trading activities which include the marketing and trading of natural gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), together with power and natural gas liquids (NGLs) (BP PLC (BP), 2011). Refining and Marketing activities include the supply and trading, refining, manufacturing, marketing and transportation of crude oil, petroleum and petrochemicals products (BPPLCBP), 2011). History The history of the company starts in 1908 when oil found in a rugged part of Persia after a long and difficult search. It was Mr D’Arcy who financed the oil exploration. Mr Reynolds was the explorer. The discovery was due to the p atience of Reynolds. By the early morning of 26 May 1908, the drill reached 1,180 feet and a fountain of oil spewed out into the dawn sky ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Within one year, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which would one day become BP, was in business ( BP at a Glance, 2010). ... After the war, the nationalists throughout the Middle East angrily questioned Western companies’ right to profit from Middle Eastern resources ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Anti-British sentiment also increased. The agreement between the former Shah of Persia and William D’Arcy expired in 1954, and the director board changed the company’s name to The British Petroleum Company ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Later unexpected changes took place in the Middle East. Ghaddafi and other Middle Eastern countries declared that they will nationalise energy companies in ten years. So, by 1983, BP’s oil supply from Middle East was reduced from 80% to meagre 10%. Fortunately BP had discovered major oil fields in other parts of the world, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska and the Forties field off the coast of Scotland ( BP at a Glance, 2010). In 1987 BP bought Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) incorporating it into a new national business, BP America. That same year the British governme nt sold the last of the shares it held in BP ( BP at a Glance, 2010). With major, long-term projects in Russia, the Gulf of Mexico, North America, Azerbaijan, Indonesia and elsewhere, BP had a lot of oil and gas (BP at a Glance, 2010). Mission The mission of BP is to help the world meet the growing demand for heat, light and transportation. This is achieved by finding efficient and cleaner ways to produce energy that’s affordable and safe. To meet that goal, BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven (Our culture and values , 2011) Ethics Background The BP has a code of conduct. The company says that it is part of the ethics program and is supported by the directors and senior

Illegal Immigration Immigrants

Illegal Immigration Immigrants Running Head: Illegal Immigration in the US: Is it hurting us or helping us? Introduction For years, the debate on unauthorized immigrants has been a hot topic in the United States. Although it is an issue that has been a part of our society for a long time, it is a very difficult issue to study. The amount of illegal immigrants that have made the country their homes is not an actually known number. Many of the illegal men, women, and children that we have living in the US have not been observed or accounted for making it hard to distinguish just how big the problem is. In addition to this issue of unaccountability, the nation has yet to develop a census that asks members of our society of their legal status in the US. This has been an ongoing debate and it seems as though, despite the many departments established and bills passed on this issue, we will never find a common ground. Should we continue to spend money and time trying to fight the illegal migration of unauthorized immigrants in the US or are their presences helping to build a stronger nation? Illegal immigration in the US is a complex issue for several reasons. There has been a history of attempts to control the illegal population in the US, but yet and still, we have no answer. The number of immigrants that we have living in the US is not precisely known making it hard to determine how large the issue is and how wide spread is it affecting our nation. Where do we start if we dont know where they are? The complexity of the issue is one that needs to be observed more than the prevalence of the issue because no one on this side of statistical research and the analysis of our population has proven that this is indeed a problem for our economy and the society we live in. Some of the nations economist and business owners have determined that the American economy depends on illegal workers because they except low-wage jobs, pay taxes and spend money, all of which expands back to our national economy. On the other hand, there are illegal immigrants that are in the US to take advantage of the services that our federal government provides to the less fortunate. States such as California, Texas, Florida and Arizona are concerned with the large amounts of unauthorized immigrants in their jurisdictions and are seeking government assistance to provide education, health care and other social services that the state is required by law to provide to every person that abides in that state. Looking at the issue from this perspective would cause one to think that the cost of providing a â€Å"better† life to an unauthorized immigrant is too high. This review of the effects of illegal immigration is not something we can devote one field of study or one discipline to. The problem is so complex that when you look at the issue from one perspective it eliminates the chances of finding a common ground due to the biases of the research. The fast growth of our population can take effects on our government policies, education system, work force and job availability, health care system, and the amounts of crime that any one city may face. With an increased number of people there are to take care of, there is a decreased amount of resources to provide to any one individual or family. This issue lacks the simplicity of a right or wrong answer. Illegal immigration is an issue that needs to be research based on an interdisciplinary perspective based on the premise that, devoting one discipline to the study leaves out so many important factors and arguments that are for or against this issue. The number of disciplines that have taken an interest in this subject can range from government to the institution of the family but in this paper we will focus on the disciplines of Economics, Sociology and Political Science. These three disciplines have been proven to provide analysis of this issue on a wide spread basis. The study of economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income, and production, and of taxes and government expenditures. According to the Gallop Poll, 66% of Americans believe that illegal immigrants are costing taxpayers too much money by using up government services such as public education and medical programs, rather than becoming productive citizens. At the same time, 74% of the people surveyed insisted that illegal immigrants in the US are helping the economy because they are willing to take low-paying jobs that most Americans are not willing to take. The problems that an illegal worker can cause on the economy are apparent in many of the scholarly studies on this issue and common ground seems far from being discovered. Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Illegal immigration is obviously one of those issues that are affecting our society as a whole. Every year the size of the population living illegally increases by as much as 500,000 people. This flow of people is exploited by criminal structure involved in the smuggling of people and trafficking of illegal documents across the border. Illegal immigration has become a drain on social services and because of the conditions in which illegal immigrants work and live, many have found it difficult to follow the law and are at risk of becoming under-class and the source of social conflict. Political science is the study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems,  and political behavior. The government in the US has attempted to reduce illegal immigration mainly by making use of two immigration policies: border patrol and employer sanctions. Each year the border patrol makes more than a million apprehensions of aliens that violate our nations laws by unlawfully crossing US borders. Such entry is a misdemeanor, but, if repeated, becomes punishable as a felony. In addition to sneaking into the country in violation of the immigration law, others enter with legal documentation and overstay their welcome. Political Science is at the heart of this debate because the government is the sole source of the policies and procedures that we must follow. The purpose of this paper is to identify the negative and the positive effects of illegal immigration in the United States and come up with a valid answer to the question†¦is the illegal immigration population in the US helping our nation or hurting it? So much time and effort has been spent on this issue and there is still no common ground. The policies and the procedures that have been set aside to regulate this mass of migration have failed to do so in several ways and with each year that passes by the issue of illegal immigrants prove itself to be uncontrollable. Should we establish a comprehensive effort to end illegal immigration once and for all or should the people of our nation accept the fact that there is no answer to the problem and move on to other important issues that are affecting us? This paper will establish an answer to just that. Background The United States holds the prestige of being the best country in the world to live in. It is the land of freedom with endless opportunities. It is understandable why citizens of poorer, foreign countries are flocking to the US. America give immigrants the opportunity to receive higher wages and an increased amount of employment options. It is an opportunity for them to have a better life and provide a better life for their families. America in its simplest form can be considered a melting pot of all different kinds of people. There are hundreds if not thousands of different race groups, ethnic groups, and religion living on one common ground. Generation after generation people from all over the world have com e to America to start a new life. Some of these immigrants follow the rules of entrance and others do not. We not only share our land and country with Americans, we also share with a very large population of illegal immigrants. Often times when Americans think of illegal immigration, the first thing that comes to mind is the crossing of Mexicans illegally across the US border. The truth is, Mexicans are not the only illegal immigrants that we host in our country. An illegal immigrant is any foreign national that has resettled in the US in violation of immigration and nationality laws (White). There are a number of people from all over the globe that have illegal entered America and others that have overstay ed their welcome according to these same laws. Illegal immigration in the US is not a problem that is new to American people. It is one of the issues that we have dealt with for a very long time. Illegal Immigration reform can be dated back as far as 1891, which is when the first laws on immigration was established in the United States. At this time legislators were given the right to deport people living in the US with illegal status. The act also put a tax on immigrants landing on US soil. Immigrants would have to pay a 30 to 40 cent fee and the monies collected went towards things to help the town that the immigrant has landed in. This was the beginning of the citizens starting to notice the impact illegal immigration had on the country. Although the issue was recognized legislation didnt do so well. At that time illegal immigration was not seen as a big problem as many see it today. As years went on, the American government used different tactics in order to regulate the excessive amounts of foreign nationals entering the country. There were quota systems which limited the amount of people that could reside in the US from one particular country. In a way, one can say this system used prejudice tactics because members of the committee decided which ethnic groups of people were most and least desirable to live in the US. In 1952 the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) was put into place. This act was basically our way of governing citizenship and immigration in the US. The INA gave authorities the right to deploy illegal immigrants once apprehended and questioned. The act also prohibited the entry of citizens from certain countries into the US. This act, also known as the McCarran-Walter act, is the basis of immigration law enforcement today. The INA relied on a national origins quota system also with a preference system for Eastern Hemisphere immigrants, and wa s concerned with excluding and removing subversives and communists (Weissinger). Since the INS was first established, several amendments have been established in an attempt to put the illegal immigration crisis at ease. This paper does not go into detail on each of the legislations but it is apparent in research that the road to a perfect policy on immigration is a long one. By 1954, illegal immigration was perceived as so serious that the US Border Patrol launched â€Å"Operation Wetback† during which more than a million undocumented Mexican migrants were rounded up and deported back to Mexico (Espenshade). Within 5 years the number of illegal immigrant apprehensions dropped by 95% to fewer than 50,000 in 1959. This was a good start to correcting the problem but it wasnt a permanent fix which brings us to the Immigration Act of 1965. It was established after the Immigration and Nationality Act and it repealed the national origins quota system. This gave people of all nations the right to migrate to the United States regardless of their country of origin. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act was signed into law by President Reagan. It included amnesty for aliens who could establish residence in the United States by January 1, 1982. It allowed over 4 million immigrants to rightfully stay in the US. The act also allowed employer sanctions aimed at removing the lure of employment and gave a special exception for those aliens working in the field of agriculture. The IRCA is a very detailed description of the policies that are supposed to be enforced by immigration regulatory agencies. A strong emphasis was put on the employment of illegal immigrants. It made it unlawful for employers to hire an immigrant knowing of his or her illegal status and it also made it illegal to employ a person without receiving documents required to prove that persons citizenship. Before this act, employers were getting involved in hiring undocumented worker but once the act took place, it made the penalties for this much higher causing the numbers of employers that were not in compliance to fall. Another issue related to illegal immigration is crime. Having an increased amount of people in the country that then, because of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, cant work, increased the amount of crimes throughout American cities. The Immigration Act of 1990, which actually took effect in 1992, attempted to remove illegal immigrants with aggravated felony convictions (Weissinger). As far as the removal and deportation of criminals was concerned, the Immigration Act was successful but other stipulations within the act allowed for the number of visas provided to foreigners for employment-based immigration to more than double. The focus on removing criminal aliens continued with the addition of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). This act attempted to apply retroactivity to aggravated aliens felons in the United States. Over several years over 5,000 Border Patrol agents and 300 interior enforcement agents were added to the tasks force. The IIRIRA and all of the various amendments to immigration reform are under continuous judicial review which makes it difficult for all of the different agencies regulating this to get on one accord. A major player in the difficulty of regulating illegal immigration in the US is the fact that the actual number of illegal immigrants we have living in the US is not a known number. In addition to the number of illegal immigrants entering the US not being observed, there is also no census or other federally sponsored survey asks respondents of their legal status. Basically, we can guess how many illegal immigrants are living in the US but we will never reach an actual number. The Immigration and Nationalization Service only documents the number of illegal immigrants that have been apprehended. It does not count the number of illegal immigrants that have actually made it into the US. The Immigration and Nationalization Service is the main source of immigration reform. The two major functions of the INS include service to the public and enforcement. There is a right and a wrong way to enter the country and for those trying to obtain legal status in the correct way, the INS is there to help. The service provided involves processing applications for benefits such as lawful permanent residence and citizenship. In order for the strategies of the INS to work successful, interior enforcement must be the most important factor in controlling immigration. Interior enforcement includes investigations, deportation, and inspections. These are all separate units within the INS. Critics of the INS claim that much more time is spent on border control than on the investigations. Based on the national census in 2000, the US Census Bureau puts the estimate of illegal immigrants at 8.7 million. Since then, United States immigration officials have said the number has grown by as much as 500,000 every year. It is apparent why illegal immigration is an issue for most Americans but it is difficult to find a solution that really works. Many scholars from fields such as political science, economics, geography and social science have studied and suggested their theories and beliefs on illegal immigration in America. The issue is however too complex and the window is way to big to see it from one view. Integration is needed to get a clear understanding of the effects and future of this phenomenon. References Political Science Wessinger, PhD, George (11/7/2003).The Illegal Alien Problem: Enforcing the Immigration Laws. New York Institute of Technology. CIBC66-327, 1-9 Orrenius, Pia (2001). Illegal Immigration and Enforcement along the U.S.-Mexico Border: An Overview. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 1, Retrieved 2/1/2008, from www.frbd.com Woodland, Alan D., Yoshinda, Chisato (7/2004). Risk Preference, immigration policy and illegal immigration. Journal of Development Economics. 81, 500-513. Sociology Knickerbocker, Brad (5/16/2006). Illegal Immigrants in the US: How many are there?. The Christian Science Monitor, 516, Retrieved 2/1/08, from www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.htm Chapman, Stephen Birth Control: Another Assault on Immigration. (4/8/2006). The Chicago Tribune, p. A14 Judis, John (2/13/2008). Phantom Menace: Americas Immigration Hysteria. The New Republic, 4, Retrieved 2/1/2008 Espenshade, Thomas (1995).Unauthorized Immigration to the United States. Office of Population Research. 21, 195-216 Economics White, Deborah (2/7/2008). About.com. Retrieved February 9, 2008, from About.com: Illegal Immigration Explained-Profits, and Poverty, Social Security and Starvation Web site: www.usliberals.about.com/od/immigration/a/IllegalImmi.htm?p=1 Lecker, Tikva (2000). Foreign Aid as a Discipline on Illegal Immigration. F22, 571-577. Jacobe, Dennis (3/27/2007). Investors Believe Illegal Immigration is Hurting the U.S. Economic Climate. Gallup News Service, Retrieved 2/1/2008 Jacobe, Dennis (9/14/2006).The Real Impact of Illegal Immigration. Gallup Management Journal Dula, Giora, Kahana, Nava, Lecker, Tikva (2004). How to partly bounce back the struggle against illegal immigration to the source countries. J Popul Econ. 19, 315-325

Kanthapura, a Cultural Study

Kanthapura as a novel of village or rural sensibility: Raja rao’s Kanthapura is a tale of atypical south Indian village in the kara area of Mysore. The novel is a saga of village life with a political bias. There is no conventional hero or heroine in it. The village of Kanthapura itself; with its presiding deity Kanchamma, with its live giving river Himavath, with its rustic topography, crops, weeds and diseases, with its characteristics, superstitions and customs is one of the main character.The people of the village with Moorthy as the Gandhi man of the village, under whose leadership the villagers of her non-violent resistance, take up the work of village uplift. In depicting Kanthapura, the novelist has presented to us a real India in microcosm. What happens in Kanthapura is what happens everywhere in India, particularly in rural India. That Kanthapura is novel of village life is evident from its topographical details. The novel opens with a graphic description of the phys ical features of Kanthapura.In the beautiful valley of the river Himavathy, the village lies curled up like a child on its mother’s lap. As the novel opens we here the grinding and rumbling of carts, indicating the busy agrarian life. The hills, valleys and rivers which form the setting of the village, are most vividly depicted. Raja Rao has an eye for the details of nature’s phenomena which he presents with vividness. It’s said of Thomas Hardy by David Cecil that he could realise the different noises made by the wind when its blows through a hollow a heather and bare stones.Raja Rao, too, is unique in his precise yet poetic depiction of the outdoor rural life. In the month of Vaisakh men of Kanthapura plough the fields. The rains come and skip over the bronze mountain, tiptoe the crags, and leaping into the valley go splashing. The coconuts and the betel nuts and cardamom plants choke with it and hiss back. And there, there it comes over the Bebbur hill and Kan thur hill and begins to paw upon the tiles, and the cattle come running home. The people pray to Kenchamma, â€Å"There, there the rains have come, Kenchamma; may our house be as white as silver†.In the Kartik festival of lights, lights glow from banana trunks and mango tweaks behind yellow leaves, greens leaves: ‘Kartik is a month of the Gods’. In scenes like this, rural life in all its concreteness gives the novel its essential rurality. The novelist describes the caste wise quarters for Brahmins, Pariahs, Porters, Weavers and Sudras. The economic distinctions between one villager and another are precisely described. Post master SuryaNarayana has a two storied house, Patwari Nanjundaa has put glass panes to the windows. Pock-marked Sidda has a real thoti house.Thus the persons who stand out among the men and women of the village are the moneyed people like Kamayya, a coffee planter and Range Gowda. Even a casual glancing through the names and nick names of the Kanthapurians is a thing of great interest. The villagers wear tell-tale nicknames. The names contribute greatly to the individualisation of the village character and places to the evocation of proper rural sensibility. The untouchable quarters, full of the stench of the hide and pickled pigs where Moorthy dare to step in for the uplift of the village people are also described.The dramatist persona in the novel includes a good number of villagers. They work as coolies on the coffee estates and are poor. The harrowing (suffering) tale of the half-naked, starving, spitting, weeping coolies is touchingly told in the coffee estate episode. The villagers are not depicted as epitomes of virtue nor are they condemned as useless creatures. They are as they usually are. Their character evokes the rural atmosphere in the novel. Their life is not complete without the perennial presence of God or Goddess. Goddess Kanchamma is installed in a temple right in its centre.A river a hill and a temple with the presiding deity complete the picture of the village. The villagers offer the Goddess their first rice and first fruit of a tree; they appease her by singing song. The Goddess is the protector, the life and the breath of the village. She gives meaning to every activity of the villager and is a witness to all affairs in the village – birth, death, marriage, funeral, sickness, ploughing and harvesting – and what not. Vows are made to her. Oaths are taken in her presence. She protects the villagers through though famine and diseases.Except Goddess Kanchamma, there are also often local Goddesses like Talassanamma and Kanthapureshwari mentioned in the novel. Even their jurisdictions are fixed. Religion has a firm hold on the villagers’ mind. The villagers observe Shankar Jayanti and listen to the recital of Harikathas and celebrate the festival of Lord Krishna and Lord Ganesha. The evocation of village life is accomplished apart from the inter relation of th eme and characters, through means like description of festivals, ceremonies, social customs, superstitions and the apt use of rustic idioms.Various ceremonies and rituals such as hair- cutting, rice-eating, wedding, consecration and the seventh month ceremony finds a place in the novel. The novel shows how the villagers cling (hold tightly) to their age-old faiths for succour and relief. Beliefs and superstitions govern the sensitive minds of the Kanthapurians. There is a scene in which the treasures of core are counted as â€Å"Three-Hm-Four-Hm –Five† and because of the superstition which forbids the mention of six, it becomes, â€Å"God’s extra†.Moorthy’s horoscope doesn’t agree with that of the daughter of Ramayya and hence the bride’s family get disheartened. The clucking of the wall-lizards indicate propitiousness, auspiciousness. On seeing a shooting star seeping across the sky, the villagers say: †Some good soul has left the earth†. When someone has been attacked by Malaria, they used to do some rituals instead of taking quinine pills believing that those rituals will eradicate the disease.Before filling the earth the â€Å"peasants throw handfuls of puffed rice in the eight directions for warding off evil and for a good harvest†. Again it’s through the use of the rustic idiom a flavour of rurality is captured. The idiom and rhythm of the regional language are sometimes reflected in their novel. There are similes, comparisons and vituperative (harsh/abusive) terms which smell of the agrarian soil and culturet. Fine and detailed agrarian imagery is seen in many descriptions throughout the novel.

National Health Service in the United Kingdom Essay

The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in the UK on July 5 1949. Its formation was part of the nationalization drive that epitomized post World War II UK which witnessed the establishment of the welfare state and the drive towards production of goods and services for public use instead of profit for private investors and owners. (Yergin and Stanislaw, 1998)[1] Thus reflecting the political economic philosophy of the time, the establishment of a free for all health delivery system within a country outside the Eastern socialist/communist block of nations was quite extraordinary as other systems of health care in most western economies had adopted the insurance system – i.e. pay for health care when healthy and use the care when ill.   Prior to the nationalization of health care under the NHS, health care providers like voluntary hospitals, municipal hospitals (that also provided mental health services), entrepreneurial cottage hospitals and specialist hospitals were already in existence. Local authorities also had departments responsible for health care services like midwifery and child welfare and also had authority to provide health care under the Poor Law. The NHS thus did not commence on a clean slate as these already existing health care establishments were inherited under the NHS. Also, health care for workers was covered under the Lloyd George’s National Insurance Act of 1911, though this did not extend to the families of workers. (Rivett, 1998)[2] Though the role of the general practitioner (GP) had been envisaged as crucial in providing non-specialised primary health care covering areas and activities like home visits and attending to patients in GP surgeries, prenatal and antenatal care, child welfare, venereal diseases, and industrial medicine, the reality of pre-NHS health care in the UK was very far from the realization of these ideals. According to Rivett (n.d.) the NHS in the UK was founded on the following principles: â€Å"The service was financed almost 100% from central taxation.   The rich therefore paid more than the poor for comparable benefits †¦ Everyone was eligible for care, even people temporarily resident or visiting the country.   Anybody could be referred to any hospital, local or more distant. Care was entirely free at the point of use, although prescription charges and dental charges were subsequently introduced Organisation was based upon 14 Regional Hospital Boards that funded and oversaw local hospital management committees.   The teaching hospitals were directly responsible to the Ministry of Health for they served the nation, not the locality.†[3] The NHS has three main interacting parties who have diverse stakes, responsibilities, and expectations in the running of the health service – those who need health care, the skilled personnel who deliver health care, and those responsible for raising money and ensuring that the money is spent properly on the NHS. (Rivett 1998)[4] Undoubtedly, the formation of the NHS has had an immense impact on health care delivery in the UK. For instance, life expectancy for females has risen from 71 years in the pre-NHS era to 80 years under the NHS. Life expectancy for males has also risen from 66 years in the pre-NHS era to 75 years under the NHS. Infant mortality rate (i.e. babies under 1 year old) has decreased from 34 per thousand to six per thousand. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000)[5] In spite of the altruistic principles upon which the NHS was founded, it has faced significant challenges of which finance is perhaps one of the most paramount. Rosenberg (1987) has for instance argued that the â€Å"implementation of developments has often been slower in the UK than in other countries. Partly this has been due to innate conservatism, but mainly it has been the result of financial restrictions.†[6] The former prime minister of the UK, Tony Blair, summarized the problems faced by the NHS as follows: â€Å"†¦ the NHS retains, in its essential values, huge public support. But over twenty years, it has struggled. Its funding has not kept pace with the healthcare systems of comparable countries. Its systems of working are often little changed from the time it was founded, when in the meantime virtually every other service we can think of has changed fundamentally. So urgent was the need for extra money for the NHS that many of the failures of the system were masked or considered secondary.†[7] Despite the apparent inability of the public purse to fund a free for all health delivery system under the NHS, government policy in the UK is firmly set against any form of payment of healthcare by workers as done in other western countries like France and Germany. Leaving healthcare in the hands of the market as in the United States has also been decidedly kicked against. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) The UK government’s stance may be seen more as a decision of political expediency rather than an economic one, as the issue of free healthcare is a highly charged political debate that is top on the agenda not only of the ruling Labor government but also of the opposition Conservative Party. (BBC News 2004) On both sides of the political divide, it is highly improbable that privatisation of healthcare would be an option. Consequently, the future of the NHS, it appears, would not be based on the recommendations of health professionals and administrators, but rather the manifestos of political parties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though inadequate public funding has been the pivotal problem faced by the NHS, it is bedevilled with other problems that affect the ability of the system to deliver a proper service for the demands of the 21st century.   One such problem is the waiting times for care in accident and emergencies (A&E), GP surgery appointments and operations. In 2000, it was expected that by 2005 patients would have a maximum of 48 hours waiting time for a GP appointment, three months maximum for an outpatients appointment, six months maximum for an operation and the halving of A&E waiting times. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) By 2007 however, these targets were far from a reality. A 2004 survey found that patients in England and Scotland had to wait for up to eight months for a cataract operation, eleven months for a hip operation, twelve months for a knee replacement, five months to repair a slipped disc, and five months for a hernia repair. (BBC News, 2004) Injection of more funds in health care in the NHS has been viewed by some health care professionals as inadequate to solve the problems of waiting times. A senior surgeon in the NHS is reported to have said that: â€Å"The government is increasing capacity by investing money but I’m concerned as a surgeon that the arrangements are not in the patient’s best interest. The individual patient may get their operation done quicker by the NHS funding treatment in the private sector but it will be with a different surgeon from the one they saw in the clinic.†[8] Though by December 2007, there had been significant reductions in the waiting times for inpatient and outpatient appointments, the problem delays in the NHS continues to persist. For example, 91.3% of patients in England waited for under 13 weeks for an inpatient appointment and 8.3% waited for over 13 weeks for an inpatient appointment. Also, 95.6% of patients waited for under 8 weeks for an outpatients appointment by December 2007. (Department of Health, 2008)[9] Evidently, lack of requisite skilled health workers has had an immense impact on the problems of long waiting times in the NHS. Funding the NHS from the public purse however presents problems of recruitment as remuneration has not been enticing enough for health care professionals and for potential training of needed skilled professionals from the communities. As stated earlier, the nationalization drive in post World War II UK precipitated the establishment of the NHS. Thus, centralized administration at the national level is a typical hallmark of the NHS. Over centralization has been identified as one of the major problems facing the management of the 21st century NHS. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) Administration of a health service built for the population and health needs of the mid-20th century UK is still used for the needs of a country that has witnessed seismic growth in its population and especially in the size of its immigrant populations. Consequently, the organizational growth and modernization of the NHS has not kept pace with both population growth and modern organizational and administrative principles. The NHS today could be seen as a colossal, amorphous entity that that seriously needs a structural overhaul. The Secretary of State for Health (2000) also identifies the following as problematic within the current constitution of the NHS – â€Å"a lack of national standards†, â€Å"old-fashioned demarcations between staff and barriers between services† and â€Å"a lack of clear incentives and levers to improve performance†. (p.10) Thus the need overhaul the organizational structure of the NHS should affect the staff incentives and performance levels and effective communication and networking between the different health services within the NHS. Bibliography and References: BBC News, May 27 2004. ‘NHS Waiting Time Underestimated’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3749801.stm Department of Health. February 1 2008, ‘Statistical Press Notice: NHS Inpatient and Outpatient Waiting Times Figures’. Government News Network, Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=349539&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing Rivett, Geoffrey (n.d.) ‘National Health Service History’ http://www.nhshistory.net/shorthistory.htm Secretary of State for Health (2000). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. London: HMSO (Cm 4818-I) Rosenberg, C. (1987) The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System. New York: Basic Books Timmins, N. (1995) The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State. London: HarperCollins Yergin, D. and Stanislaw, J. (1998) The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World’s Economy. New York: Touchstone [1] Yergin, D. and Stanislaw, J. (1998) The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World’s Economy. New York: Touchstone [2] Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing [3] Rivett, G. (n.d.) ‘National Health Service History’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.nhshistory.net/shorthistory.htm [4] Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing [5] Secretary of State for Health (2000). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. London: HMSO (Cm 4818-I) [6] Rosenberg, C. (1987) The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System. New York: Basic Books, p.7. [7] Secretary of State for Health (2000) op cit p.8 [8] BBC News, May 27 2004. ‘NHS Waiting Time Underestimated’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3749801.stm [9] Department of Health. February 1 2008, ‘Statistical Press Notice: NHS Inpatient and Outpatient Waiting Times Figures’. Government News Network, Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=349539&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True