Illegal Immigration Immigrants

Illegal Immigration Immigrants Running Head: Illegal Immigration in the US: Is it hurting us or helping us? Introduction For years, the debate on unauthorized immigrants has been a hot topic in the United States. Although it is an issue that has been a part of our society for a long time, it is a very difficult issue to study. The amount of illegal immigrants that have made the country their homes is not an actually known number. Many of the illegal men, women, and children that we have living in the US have not been observed or accounted for making it hard to distinguish just how big the problem is. In addition to this issue of unaccountability, the nation has yet to develop a census that asks members of our society of their legal status in the US. This has been an ongoing debate and it seems as though, despite the many departments established and bills passed on this issue, we will never find a common ground. Should we continue to spend money and time trying to fight the illegal migration of unauthorized immigrants in the US or are their presences helping to build a stronger nation? Illegal immigration in the US is a complex issue for several reasons. There has been a history of attempts to control the illegal population in the US, but yet and still, we have no answer. The number of immigrants that we have living in the US is not precisely known making it hard to determine how large the issue is and how wide spread is it affecting our nation. Where do we start if we dont know where they are? The complexity of the issue is one that needs to be observed more than the prevalence of the issue because no one on this side of statistical research and the analysis of our population has proven that this is indeed a problem for our economy and the society we live in. Some of the nations economist and business owners have determined that the American economy depends on illegal workers because they except low-wage jobs, pay taxes and spend money, all of which expands back to our national economy. On the other hand, there are illegal immigrants that are in the US to take advantage of the services that our federal government provides to the less fortunate. States such as California, Texas, Florida and Arizona are concerned with the large amounts of unauthorized immigrants in their jurisdictions and are seeking government assistance to provide education, health care and other social services that the state is required by law to provide to every person that abides in that state. Looking at the issue from this perspective would cause one to think that the cost of providing a â€Å"better† life to an unauthorized immigrant is too high. This review of the effects of illegal immigration is not something we can devote one field of study or one discipline to. The problem is so complex that when you look at the issue from one perspective it eliminates the chances of finding a common ground due to the biases of the research. The fast growth of our population can take effects on our government policies, education system, work force and job availability, health care system, and the amounts of crime that any one city may face. With an increased number of people there are to take care of, there is a decreased amount of resources to provide to any one individual or family. This issue lacks the simplicity of a right or wrong answer. Illegal immigration is an issue that needs to be research based on an interdisciplinary perspective based on the premise that, devoting one discipline to the study leaves out so many important factors and arguments that are for or against this issue. The number of disciplines that have taken an interest in this subject can range from government to the institution of the family but in this paper we will focus on the disciplines of Economics, Sociology and Political Science. These three disciplines have been proven to provide analysis of this issue on a wide spread basis. The study of economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income, and production, and of taxes and government expenditures. According to the Gallop Poll, 66% of Americans believe that illegal immigrants are costing taxpayers too much money by using up government services such as public education and medical programs, rather than becoming productive citizens. At the same time, 74% of the people surveyed insisted that illegal immigrants in the US are helping the economy because they are willing to take low-paying jobs that most Americans are not willing to take. The problems that an illegal worker can cause on the economy are apparent in many of the scholarly studies on this issue and common ground seems far from being discovered. Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Illegal immigration is obviously one of those issues that are affecting our society as a whole. Every year the size of the population living illegally increases by as much as 500,000 people. This flow of people is exploited by criminal structure involved in the smuggling of people and trafficking of illegal documents across the border. Illegal immigration has become a drain on social services and because of the conditions in which illegal immigrants work and live, many have found it difficult to follow the law and are at risk of becoming under-class and the source of social conflict. Political science is the study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems,  and political behavior. The government in the US has attempted to reduce illegal immigration mainly by making use of two immigration policies: border patrol and employer sanctions. Each year the border patrol makes more than a million apprehensions of aliens that violate our nations laws by unlawfully crossing US borders. Such entry is a misdemeanor, but, if repeated, becomes punishable as a felony. In addition to sneaking into the country in violation of the immigration law, others enter with legal documentation and overstay their welcome. Political Science is at the heart of this debate because the government is the sole source of the policies and procedures that we must follow. The purpose of this paper is to identify the negative and the positive effects of illegal immigration in the United States and come up with a valid answer to the question†¦is the illegal immigration population in the US helping our nation or hurting it? So much time and effort has been spent on this issue and there is still no common ground. The policies and the procedures that have been set aside to regulate this mass of migration have failed to do so in several ways and with each year that passes by the issue of illegal immigrants prove itself to be uncontrollable. Should we establish a comprehensive effort to end illegal immigration once and for all or should the people of our nation accept the fact that there is no answer to the problem and move on to other important issues that are affecting us? This paper will establish an answer to just that. Background The United States holds the prestige of being the best country in the world to live in. It is the land of freedom with endless opportunities. It is understandable why citizens of poorer, foreign countries are flocking to the US. America give immigrants the opportunity to receive higher wages and an increased amount of employment options. It is an opportunity for them to have a better life and provide a better life for their families. America in its simplest form can be considered a melting pot of all different kinds of people. There are hundreds if not thousands of different race groups, ethnic groups, and religion living on one common ground. Generation after generation people from all over the world have com e to America to start a new life. Some of these immigrants follow the rules of entrance and others do not. We not only share our land and country with Americans, we also share with a very large population of illegal immigrants. Often times when Americans think of illegal immigration, the first thing that comes to mind is the crossing of Mexicans illegally across the US border. The truth is, Mexicans are not the only illegal immigrants that we host in our country. An illegal immigrant is any foreign national that has resettled in the US in violation of immigration and nationality laws (White). There are a number of people from all over the globe that have illegal entered America and others that have overstay ed their welcome according to these same laws. Illegal immigration in the US is not a problem that is new to American people. It is one of the issues that we have dealt with for a very long time. Illegal Immigration reform can be dated back as far as 1891, which is when the first laws on immigration was established in the United States. At this time legislators were given the right to deport people living in the US with illegal status. The act also put a tax on immigrants landing on US soil. Immigrants would have to pay a 30 to 40 cent fee and the monies collected went towards things to help the town that the immigrant has landed in. This was the beginning of the citizens starting to notice the impact illegal immigration had on the country. Although the issue was recognized legislation didnt do so well. At that time illegal immigration was not seen as a big problem as many see it today. As years went on, the American government used different tactics in order to regulate the excessive amounts of foreign nationals entering the country. There were quota systems which limited the amount of people that could reside in the US from one particular country. In a way, one can say this system used prejudice tactics because members of the committee decided which ethnic groups of people were most and least desirable to live in the US. In 1952 the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) was put into place. This act was basically our way of governing citizenship and immigration in the US. The INA gave authorities the right to deploy illegal immigrants once apprehended and questioned. The act also prohibited the entry of citizens from certain countries into the US. This act, also known as the McCarran-Walter act, is the basis of immigration law enforcement today. The INA relied on a national origins quota system also with a preference system for Eastern Hemisphere immigrants, and wa s concerned with excluding and removing subversives and communists (Weissinger). Since the INS was first established, several amendments have been established in an attempt to put the illegal immigration crisis at ease. This paper does not go into detail on each of the legislations but it is apparent in research that the road to a perfect policy on immigration is a long one. By 1954, illegal immigration was perceived as so serious that the US Border Patrol launched â€Å"Operation Wetback† during which more than a million undocumented Mexican migrants were rounded up and deported back to Mexico (Espenshade). Within 5 years the number of illegal immigrant apprehensions dropped by 95% to fewer than 50,000 in 1959. This was a good start to correcting the problem but it wasnt a permanent fix which brings us to the Immigration Act of 1965. It was established after the Immigration and Nationality Act and it repealed the national origins quota system. This gave people of all nations the right to migrate to the United States regardless of their country of origin. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act was signed into law by President Reagan. It included amnesty for aliens who could establish residence in the United States by January 1, 1982. It allowed over 4 million immigrants to rightfully stay in the US. The act also allowed employer sanctions aimed at removing the lure of employment and gave a special exception for those aliens working in the field of agriculture. The IRCA is a very detailed description of the policies that are supposed to be enforced by immigration regulatory agencies. A strong emphasis was put on the employment of illegal immigrants. It made it unlawful for employers to hire an immigrant knowing of his or her illegal status and it also made it illegal to employ a person without receiving documents required to prove that persons citizenship. Before this act, employers were getting involved in hiring undocumented worker but once the act took place, it made the penalties for this much higher causing the numbers of employers that were not in compliance to fall. Another issue related to illegal immigration is crime. Having an increased amount of people in the country that then, because of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, cant work, increased the amount of crimes throughout American cities. The Immigration Act of 1990, which actually took effect in 1992, attempted to remove illegal immigrants with aggravated felony convictions (Weissinger). As far as the removal and deportation of criminals was concerned, the Immigration Act was successful but other stipulations within the act allowed for the number of visas provided to foreigners for employment-based immigration to more than double. The focus on removing criminal aliens continued with the addition of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). This act attempted to apply retroactivity to aggravated aliens felons in the United States. Over several years over 5,000 Border Patrol agents and 300 interior enforcement agents were added to the tasks force. The IIRIRA and all of the various amendments to immigration reform are under continuous judicial review which makes it difficult for all of the different agencies regulating this to get on one accord. A major player in the difficulty of regulating illegal immigration in the US is the fact that the actual number of illegal immigrants we have living in the US is not a known number. In addition to the number of illegal immigrants entering the US not being observed, there is also no census or other federally sponsored survey asks respondents of their legal status. Basically, we can guess how many illegal immigrants are living in the US but we will never reach an actual number. The Immigration and Nationalization Service only documents the number of illegal immigrants that have been apprehended. It does not count the number of illegal immigrants that have actually made it into the US. The Immigration and Nationalization Service is the main source of immigration reform. The two major functions of the INS include service to the public and enforcement. There is a right and a wrong way to enter the country and for those trying to obtain legal status in the correct way, the INS is there to help. The service provided involves processing applications for benefits such as lawful permanent residence and citizenship. In order for the strategies of the INS to work successful, interior enforcement must be the most important factor in controlling immigration. Interior enforcement includes investigations, deportation, and inspections. These are all separate units within the INS. Critics of the INS claim that much more time is spent on border control than on the investigations. Based on the national census in 2000, the US Census Bureau puts the estimate of illegal immigrants at 8.7 million. Since then, United States immigration officials have said the number has grown by as much as 500,000 every year. It is apparent why illegal immigration is an issue for most Americans but it is difficult to find a solution that really works. Many scholars from fields such as political science, economics, geography and social science have studied and suggested their theories and beliefs on illegal immigration in America. The issue is however too complex and the window is way to big to see it from one view. Integration is needed to get a clear understanding of the effects and future of this phenomenon. References Political Science Wessinger, PhD, George (11/7/2003).The Illegal Alien Problem: Enforcing the Immigration Laws. New York Institute of Technology. CIBC66-327, 1-9 Orrenius, Pia (2001). Illegal Immigration and Enforcement along the U.S.-Mexico Border: An Overview. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 1, Retrieved 2/1/2008, from www.frbd.com Woodland, Alan D., Yoshinda, Chisato (7/2004). Risk Preference, immigration policy and illegal immigration. Journal of Development Economics. 81, 500-513. Sociology Knickerbocker, Brad (5/16/2006). Illegal Immigrants in the US: How many are there?. The Christian Science Monitor, 516, Retrieved 2/1/08, from www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.htm Chapman, Stephen Birth Control: Another Assault on Immigration. (4/8/2006). The Chicago Tribune, p. A14 Judis, John (2/13/2008). Phantom Menace: Americas Immigration Hysteria. The New Republic, 4, Retrieved 2/1/2008 Espenshade, Thomas (1995).Unauthorized Immigration to the United States. Office of Population Research. 21, 195-216 Economics White, Deborah (2/7/2008). About.com. Retrieved February 9, 2008, from About.com: Illegal Immigration Explained-Profits, and Poverty, Social Security and Starvation Web site: www.usliberals.about.com/od/immigration/a/IllegalImmi.htm?p=1 Lecker, Tikva (2000). Foreign Aid as a Discipline on Illegal Immigration. F22, 571-577. Jacobe, Dennis (3/27/2007). Investors Believe Illegal Immigration is Hurting the U.S. Economic Climate. Gallup News Service, Retrieved 2/1/2008 Jacobe, Dennis (9/14/2006).The Real Impact of Illegal Immigration. Gallup Management Journal Dula, Giora, Kahana, Nava, Lecker, Tikva (2004). How to partly bounce back the struggle against illegal immigration to the source countries. J Popul Econ. 19, 315-325

Kanthapura, a Cultural Study

Kanthapura as a novel of village or rural sensibility: Raja rao’s Kanthapura is a tale of atypical south Indian village in the kara area of Mysore. The novel is a saga of village life with a political bias. There is no conventional hero or heroine in it. The village of Kanthapura itself; with its presiding deity Kanchamma, with its live giving river Himavath, with its rustic topography, crops, weeds and diseases, with its characteristics, superstitions and customs is one of the main character.The people of the village with Moorthy as the Gandhi man of the village, under whose leadership the villagers of her non-violent resistance, take up the work of village uplift. In depicting Kanthapura, the novelist has presented to us a real India in microcosm. What happens in Kanthapura is what happens everywhere in India, particularly in rural India. That Kanthapura is novel of village life is evident from its topographical details. The novel opens with a graphic description of the phys ical features of Kanthapura.In the beautiful valley of the river Himavathy, the village lies curled up like a child on its mother’s lap. As the novel opens we here the grinding and rumbling of carts, indicating the busy agrarian life. The hills, valleys and rivers which form the setting of the village, are most vividly depicted. Raja Rao has an eye for the details of nature’s phenomena which he presents with vividness. It’s said of Thomas Hardy by David Cecil that he could realise the different noises made by the wind when its blows through a hollow a heather and bare stones.Raja Rao, too, is unique in his precise yet poetic depiction of the outdoor rural life. In the month of Vaisakh men of Kanthapura plough the fields. The rains come and skip over the bronze mountain, tiptoe the crags, and leaping into the valley go splashing. The coconuts and the betel nuts and cardamom plants choke with it and hiss back. And there, there it comes over the Bebbur hill and Kan thur hill and begins to paw upon the tiles, and the cattle come running home. The people pray to Kenchamma, â€Å"There, there the rains have come, Kenchamma; may our house be as white as silver†.In the Kartik festival of lights, lights glow from banana trunks and mango tweaks behind yellow leaves, greens leaves: ‘Kartik is a month of the Gods’. In scenes like this, rural life in all its concreteness gives the novel its essential rurality. The novelist describes the caste wise quarters for Brahmins, Pariahs, Porters, Weavers and Sudras. The economic distinctions between one villager and another are precisely described. Post master SuryaNarayana has a two storied house, Patwari Nanjundaa has put glass panes to the windows. Pock-marked Sidda has a real thoti house.Thus the persons who stand out among the men and women of the village are the moneyed people like Kamayya, a coffee planter and Range Gowda. Even a casual glancing through the names and nick names of the Kanthapurians is a thing of great interest. The villagers wear tell-tale nicknames. The names contribute greatly to the individualisation of the village character and places to the evocation of proper rural sensibility. The untouchable quarters, full of the stench of the hide and pickled pigs where Moorthy dare to step in for the uplift of the village people are also described.The dramatist persona in the novel includes a good number of villagers. They work as coolies on the coffee estates and are poor. The harrowing (suffering) tale of the half-naked, starving, spitting, weeping coolies is touchingly told in the coffee estate episode. The villagers are not depicted as epitomes of virtue nor are they condemned as useless creatures. They are as they usually are. Their character evokes the rural atmosphere in the novel. Their life is not complete without the perennial presence of God or Goddess. Goddess Kanchamma is installed in a temple right in its centre.A river a hill and a temple with the presiding deity complete the picture of the village. The villagers offer the Goddess their first rice and first fruit of a tree; they appease her by singing song. The Goddess is the protector, the life and the breath of the village. She gives meaning to every activity of the villager and is a witness to all affairs in the village – birth, death, marriage, funeral, sickness, ploughing and harvesting – and what not. Vows are made to her. Oaths are taken in her presence. She protects the villagers through though famine and diseases.Except Goddess Kanchamma, there are also often local Goddesses like Talassanamma and Kanthapureshwari mentioned in the novel. Even their jurisdictions are fixed. Religion has a firm hold on the villagers’ mind. The villagers observe Shankar Jayanti and listen to the recital of Harikathas and celebrate the festival of Lord Krishna and Lord Ganesha. The evocation of village life is accomplished apart from the inter relation of th eme and characters, through means like description of festivals, ceremonies, social customs, superstitions and the apt use of rustic idioms.Various ceremonies and rituals such as hair- cutting, rice-eating, wedding, consecration and the seventh month ceremony finds a place in the novel. The novel shows how the villagers cling (hold tightly) to their age-old faiths for succour and relief. Beliefs and superstitions govern the sensitive minds of the Kanthapurians. There is a scene in which the treasures of core are counted as â€Å"Three-Hm-Four-Hm –Five† and because of the superstition which forbids the mention of six, it becomes, â€Å"God’s extra†.Moorthy’s horoscope doesn’t agree with that of the daughter of Ramayya and hence the bride’s family get disheartened. The clucking of the wall-lizards indicate propitiousness, auspiciousness. On seeing a shooting star seeping across the sky, the villagers say: †Some good soul has left the earth†. When someone has been attacked by Malaria, they used to do some rituals instead of taking quinine pills believing that those rituals will eradicate the disease.Before filling the earth the â€Å"peasants throw handfuls of puffed rice in the eight directions for warding off evil and for a good harvest†. Again it’s through the use of the rustic idiom a flavour of rurality is captured. The idiom and rhythm of the regional language are sometimes reflected in their novel. There are similes, comparisons and vituperative (harsh/abusive) terms which smell of the agrarian soil and culturet. Fine and detailed agrarian imagery is seen in many descriptions throughout the novel.

National Health Service in the United Kingdom Essay

The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in the UK on July 5 1949. Its formation was part of the nationalization drive that epitomized post World War II UK which witnessed the establishment of the welfare state and the drive towards production of goods and services for public use instead of profit for private investors and owners. (Yergin and Stanislaw, 1998)[1] Thus reflecting the political economic philosophy of the time, the establishment of a free for all health delivery system within a country outside the Eastern socialist/communist block of nations was quite extraordinary as other systems of health care in most western economies had adopted the insurance system – i.e. pay for health care when healthy and use the care when ill.   Prior to the nationalization of health care under the NHS, health care providers like voluntary hospitals, municipal hospitals (that also provided mental health services), entrepreneurial cottage hospitals and specialist hospitals were already in existence. Local authorities also had departments responsible for health care services like midwifery and child welfare and also had authority to provide health care under the Poor Law. The NHS thus did not commence on a clean slate as these already existing health care establishments were inherited under the NHS. Also, health care for workers was covered under the Lloyd George’s National Insurance Act of 1911, though this did not extend to the families of workers. (Rivett, 1998)[2] Though the role of the general practitioner (GP) had been envisaged as crucial in providing non-specialised primary health care covering areas and activities like home visits and attending to patients in GP surgeries, prenatal and antenatal care, child welfare, venereal diseases, and industrial medicine, the reality of pre-NHS health care in the UK was very far from the realization of these ideals. According to Rivett (n.d.) the NHS in the UK was founded on the following principles: â€Å"The service was financed almost 100% from central taxation.   The rich therefore paid more than the poor for comparable benefits †¦ Everyone was eligible for care, even people temporarily resident or visiting the country.   Anybody could be referred to any hospital, local or more distant. Care was entirely free at the point of use, although prescription charges and dental charges were subsequently introduced Organisation was based upon 14 Regional Hospital Boards that funded and oversaw local hospital management committees.   The teaching hospitals were directly responsible to the Ministry of Health for they served the nation, not the locality.†[3] The NHS has three main interacting parties who have diverse stakes, responsibilities, and expectations in the running of the health service – those who need health care, the skilled personnel who deliver health care, and those responsible for raising money and ensuring that the money is spent properly on the NHS. (Rivett 1998)[4] Undoubtedly, the formation of the NHS has had an immense impact on health care delivery in the UK. For instance, life expectancy for females has risen from 71 years in the pre-NHS era to 80 years under the NHS. Life expectancy for males has also risen from 66 years in the pre-NHS era to 75 years under the NHS. Infant mortality rate (i.e. babies under 1 year old) has decreased from 34 per thousand to six per thousand. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000)[5] In spite of the altruistic principles upon which the NHS was founded, it has faced significant challenges of which finance is perhaps one of the most paramount. Rosenberg (1987) has for instance argued that the â€Å"implementation of developments has often been slower in the UK than in other countries. Partly this has been due to innate conservatism, but mainly it has been the result of financial restrictions.†[6] The former prime minister of the UK, Tony Blair, summarized the problems faced by the NHS as follows: â€Å"†¦ the NHS retains, in its essential values, huge public support. But over twenty years, it has struggled. Its funding has not kept pace with the healthcare systems of comparable countries. Its systems of working are often little changed from the time it was founded, when in the meantime virtually every other service we can think of has changed fundamentally. So urgent was the need for extra money for the NHS that many of the failures of the system were masked or considered secondary.†[7] Despite the apparent inability of the public purse to fund a free for all health delivery system under the NHS, government policy in the UK is firmly set against any form of payment of healthcare by workers as done in other western countries like France and Germany. Leaving healthcare in the hands of the market as in the United States has also been decidedly kicked against. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) The UK government’s stance may be seen more as a decision of political expediency rather than an economic one, as the issue of free healthcare is a highly charged political debate that is top on the agenda not only of the ruling Labor government but also of the opposition Conservative Party. (BBC News 2004) On both sides of the political divide, it is highly improbable that privatisation of healthcare would be an option. Consequently, the future of the NHS, it appears, would not be based on the recommendations of health professionals and administrators, but rather the manifestos of political parties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though inadequate public funding has been the pivotal problem faced by the NHS, it is bedevilled with other problems that affect the ability of the system to deliver a proper service for the demands of the 21st century.   One such problem is the waiting times for care in accident and emergencies (A&E), GP surgery appointments and operations. In 2000, it was expected that by 2005 patients would have a maximum of 48 hours waiting time for a GP appointment, three months maximum for an outpatients appointment, six months maximum for an operation and the halving of A&E waiting times. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) By 2007 however, these targets were far from a reality. A 2004 survey found that patients in England and Scotland had to wait for up to eight months for a cataract operation, eleven months for a hip operation, twelve months for a knee replacement, five months to repair a slipped disc, and five months for a hernia repair. (BBC News, 2004) Injection of more funds in health care in the NHS has been viewed by some health care professionals as inadequate to solve the problems of waiting times. A senior surgeon in the NHS is reported to have said that: â€Å"The government is increasing capacity by investing money but I’m concerned as a surgeon that the arrangements are not in the patient’s best interest. The individual patient may get their operation done quicker by the NHS funding treatment in the private sector but it will be with a different surgeon from the one they saw in the clinic.†[8] Though by December 2007, there had been significant reductions in the waiting times for inpatient and outpatient appointments, the problem delays in the NHS continues to persist. For example, 91.3% of patients in England waited for under 13 weeks for an inpatient appointment and 8.3% waited for over 13 weeks for an inpatient appointment. Also, 95.6% of patients waited for under 8 weeks for an outpatients appointment by December 2007. (Department of Health, 2008)[9] Evidently, lack of requisite skilled health workers has had an immense impact on the problems of long waiting times in the NHS. Funding the NHS from the public purse however presents problems of recruitment as remuneration has not been enticing enough for health care professionals and for potential training of needed skilled professionals from the communities. As stated earlier, the nationalization drive in post World War II UK precipitated the establishment of the NHS. Thus, centralized administration at the national level is a typical hallmark of the NHS. Over centralization has been identified as one of the major problems facing the management of the 21st century NHS. (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) Administration of a health service built for the population and health needs of the mid-20th century UK is still used for the needs of a country that has witnessed seismic growth in its population and especially in the size of its immigrant populations. Consequently, the organizational growth and modernization of the NHS has not kept pace with both population growth and modern organizational and administrative principles. The NHS today could be seen as a colossal, amorphous entity that that seriously needs a structural overhaul. The Secretary of State for Health (2000) also identifies the following as problematic within the current constitution of the NHS – â€Å"a lack of national standards†, â€Å"old-fashioned demarcations between staff and barriers between services† and â€Å"a lack of clear incentives and levers to improve performance†. (p.10) Thus the need overhaul the organizational structure of the NHS should affect the staff incentives and performance levels and effective communication and networking between the different health services within the NHS. Bibliography and References: BBC News, May 27 2004. ‘NHS Waiting Time Underestimated’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3749801.stm Department of Health. February 1 2008, ‘Statistical Press Notice: NHS Inpatient and Outpatient Waiting Times Figures’. Government News Network, Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=349539&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing Rivett, Geoffrey (n.d.) ‘National Health Service History’ http://www.nhshistory.net/shorthistory.htm Secretary of State for Health (2000). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. London: HMSO (Cm 4818-I) Rosenberg, C. (1987) The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System. New York: Basic Books Timmins, N. (1995) The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State. London: HarperCollins Yergin, D. and Stanislaw, J. (1998) The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World’s Economy. New York: Touchstone [1] Yergin, D. and Stanislaw, J. (1998) The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World’s Economy. New York: Touchstone [2] Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing [3] Rivett, G. (n.d.) ‘National Health Service History’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.nhshistory.net/shorthistory.htm [4] Rivett, G. (1998). From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS. London: King’s Fund Publishing [5] Secretary of State for Health (2000). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. London: HMSO (Cm 4818-I) [6] Rosenberg, C. (1987) The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System. New York: Basic Books, p.7. [7] Secretary of State for Health (2000) op cit p.8 [8] BBC News, May 27 2004. ‘NHS Waiting Time Underestimated’. Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3749801.stm [9] Department of Health. February 1 2008, ‘Statistical Press Notice: NHS Inpatient and Outpatient Waiting Times Figures’. Government News Network, Retrieved February 14 2008 from http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=349539&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=True

The World Runs On Computers Essay - 848 Words

Our world runs on computers. We use computers for just about every job imaginable, but when our computers break down we usually have no idea what caused the problem. Unless we dropped it in a pool, because its fairly obvious electronics don t mix with water. Don t trust me? I dare you to try. To even have hope on fixing a computer, or what we re going to be working on, a laptop, you need to diagnose the PC. Diagnosing a computer comes down to finding the cause by inspecting the device, figuring out the problem, and then reach a conclusion, or find a solution. Finding a cause is the first step to figuring out the fix to the laptop, which you were using to finish an essay that just to shut off. When a PC shuts off you have to ask, â€Å"Was it low on battery?†, â€Å"Was it charging and the cable get disconnected?†, or â€Å"Did I push the power button?†. If any of these are true, don t fret, they re simple fixes, but if none of these are your problem, you are goin g to have to go into deeper troubleshooting methods. We begin with remembering what we last did on our laptop, what we re doing, what and how many things we we re last running, or what did we last download. If we rule out the software, the virtually installed programs, operating system, apps, etcetera, wasn t attacked, faulty, or overworked, then we have to check the hardware. Meaning look to see if the display components are working, or see if the battery and/or charge cable have faulted, then we re gonna have toShow MoreRelatedComputers Are The Most Powerful Pieces Of Technology On The Planet952 Words   |  4 PagesComputers are some of the most powerful pieces of technology on the planet. A good computer build can run almost any video game. They can run algorithms that even cell phones cannot handle. Computers allow people to video chat with people across the world. They are quickly becoming more common in households around the world. Custom built personal computers can simplify computing for both gamers and workers. A custom built computer can simplify computing because the store-bought graphic cards makeRead MoreIn The Computing World, Advancements Are The Order Of The1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn the computing world, advancements are the order of the day, from new operating systems to new programs, or new applications which promise to be better than the last one. While we may have tried to keep an old operating system because of its amazing capabilities, a new operating system might seem worth a trial. New programs, on the other hand, may not be supported by the one particular system that we have. Many times people have had to reinstall windows because a previous crashed due to too manyRead MoreComputers : The Computer Is Down Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesComputers Norman Ralph Augustine once said â€Å"One of the most feared expressions in modern times is The computer is down’.† I personally like this quote because it explains some of my past experiences with computers. I can remember when I got my first computer on Christmas; it was from â€Å"Santa†. I was at that age when I had a suspicion that Santa wasn’t real. From that day I wanted to learn everything I could about computers. My parents were very excited for me because of my willingness to learn everythingRead MoreComputers Have An Operating System831 Words   |  4 PagesOperating system All computers have an operating system (OS). An OS is very important because it controls the computer’s resources, such as its hardware and software. Many computer programs need an operating system to be able to work. An operating system is what basically makes a computer work properly. These are major functions of an operating system: †¢ Read and write data †¢ Allocate main memory †¢ Perform memory swapping †¢ Start and stop programs †¢ Respond to error conditions †¢ Facilitate backupRead MoreComparing Apple Macintosh Computers to Microsoft Windows PCs954 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s world is filled with technology that is constantly changing and evolving. For most children born in the twenty-first century, it is hard to imagine living in a world that does not run on computers or any other type of electronic device. From governments, to businesses, to schools, to the casual at-home user: computers are used by the majority of people living in developed countries on a day-to-day basis. One of the largest debates in technology is the famous ever-lasting battle betweenRead MoreImproving Computer Keeps Running Smoothly Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesTo ensure that our computer keeps running smoothly we need to maintain it. Here are few tips to help you maintain your computer and ensure it keeps running smoothly for as long as possible. 1. Try to keep all your working files in the same folder; this is the main purpose of the My Doc uments folder provided by Windows. Apart from the obvious benefit of storing files in the same folder (like being able to find the files quickly) is the computer runs faster. 2. Do not put all your personal filesRead MoreHow Does A Computer Worm Work?1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a Trojan horse? 5 How does a Trojan horse works? 5 What is a computer worm? 5 How does a computer worm work? 5 What is the difference between a virus, computer worm and a Trojan? 6 Bibliography 7 Define the internet The internet is a wire run underground whether it is fibre optics, copper or satellites. It is an interpersonal computer network and a means of connecting any electronic device anywhere in the world to allow users to send information via dedicated routers and serversRead MoreArtifacts in Computer Science840 Words   |  3 PagesComputers are what run society today, everywhere we look we see devices that are run off of computers and microcomputers such as phones, computers, tablets, and even vehicles. It is now the way the world communicates with each other, because of computers it is a much smaller world in which we live. Computers have been around for such a short period of time, yet they seem to be advancing faster than anything else; this is because there is an infinite number of ways computers can be implemented toRead MoreComputer Software Engineering : The Future?1253 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Software Engineering: The future? Computers are a tool that we as human beings are learning to use and are accustomed to. Humans are relying on them more and more everyday to get them to their destination or to make an important phone call to mom. Computer software engineers are the people that make the computers and mobile devices able to be used. Without software a computer or mobile device is just a piece of metal or plastic like a paperweight. Windows and Mac OS were designed by theseRead MoreComparison of Mac Vs. PC Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pageshardware and the operating system. The hardware of the computer is basically all the key components that composes a computer. Basically, the four key components of computer to analyze is the CPU which is the brain of the computer, the motherboard which the heart of the computer, the RAM which is the memory processing device, and the graphics card which generates images onto the monitor. In addition to the computer hardware, the next part of the computer to analyze is the operating system. Worldnetweb defines

Begum Surname Meaning and Family History

Begum is a Muslim honorific title for, or means of addressing, a respectable lady. It did not originally develop as a surname, but over time has been adopted as a last name by many unmarried women, especially in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Begum is quickly becoming a fairly common surname in America and England. A frequency map created by James Cheshire in 2012 puts Begum as the most popular surname in Londons  Tower Hamlets and south Camden neighborhoods. Surname Origin:  Muslim Alternate Surname Spellings:  BAIGUM, BEGAM Famous People With the Begum Last Name Hamida Banu Begum - Wife of the  second Mughal Emperor, Humayun, and mother of Mughal Emperor, Akbar.Mehnaz Begum - Pakistani singerFatma Begum -  Indias first female film directorAmeena Begum - Wife of Sufi master, Inayat Khan Where Is the Begum Surname Most Common? The last name Begum  is the 191st most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears. It is most prevalent in India, where it ranks as the 37th most common last name, followed by Bangladesh (50th) and Fiji (92nd). Within India, the name is most prevalent in  Telangana, where it is the most common surname, followed by  Jammu and Kashmir, Pondicherry, Assam, and Delhi. WorldNames PublicProfiler  does not include surname data from India, but within Europe Begum is found most frequently in West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, South East, North East and East Midlands, England. The name is also fairly common in Oslo, Norway. Genealogy Resources for the Surname BEGUM Begum Family Crest — Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Begum family crest or coat of arms for the Begum surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch — BEGUM GenealogyExplore over 340,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Begum surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet — Begum RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Begum surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Begum Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Begum surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Begum SurnameExplore over 260,000  digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Begum surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. References: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Industrialization Essay

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal condition currently affecting a total of about 28 million people worldwide (cite). Although it is not considered a fatal condition, painful and disabling symptoms can have a profound detrimental effect on patients’ quality of life. Current understandings behind the etiology of IBD emphasize genetic predispositions to gastrointestinal immune system imbalances. However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD seem to be limited as explanatory tools given the distribution of IBD cases in industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Therefore, this paper will provide an overview of the biological aspect of IBD alongside significant environmental drivers of the†¦show more content†¦Yet, IBD is much less prevalent in the Jewish population of Israel, which depicts how IBD manifests for reasons beyond genetics. Accordingly, it is important to remember that both genes and lifestyle are inherited from our parents. In general, an infection, which provokes an inflammatory state in people with and without IBD, may cause every individual to have temporary GI inflammation and stir up symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea. Following the acute infection, most individuals reset their immune system and return to the previous state of controlled, low level inflammation. Individuals with various genetic abnormalities for IBD however, demonstrate an overly aggressive T-cell response wherein the immune system fails to reset itself and the colon does not return to its previous healthy state. Instead, there is a chronic inflammatory state, with a persistent imbalance between the factors that increase the body’s immune response and those that limit it. The onset and reactivation of disease are triggered by environmental factors that transiently break the mucosal barrier, stimulate immune responses or alter the balance between beneficial and pathogenic enteric bacteria. Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients have high levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes in their mucosa. CD4+Show MoreRelatedInflammation and Infection Caused by Diverticulitis Essay554 Words   |  3 Pagespatients will require surgery to remove the effective section of bowel. (Fox Stollman, 2010) Patients with diverticulitis can learn to care for themselves and decrease their chance of a re-occurring bout of diverticulitis by practicing healthy bowel habits by eating at regular intervals, eating high fiber foods, drinking plenty of fluids, not straining while having a bowel movement, and not relying on a laxative to have a bowel movement.(webmd.com) Diverticulitis is responsible for over 300Read MoreNotes On Wild Fruits 1311 Words   |  6 Pageshighly for their therapeutic uses which treated some diseases. The berries were used for the calming effect on the liver, spleen and blood and even the irritating stomach. Simultaneously the berries soothed the fainting spirits and were effective to cure inflammations but advised not to use during fevers since it might cause acidity in the stomach and give rise to hysterics. The strawberries were also prescribed to the patients to promote bowel movement. (Densmore 2005) The leaves ofRead MorePlant Pudina4642 Words   |  19 Pagesthe plant is collected and dried in shade, before use. The plant is used as an house hold remedy since many centuries. It is seldom used externally. Internally, the juice of the leaves with cardamom, cloves and cinnamon is used in infants for the bowel complaints and loss of appetite. The plant is also used against chronic malaria. In children, it is used in abdominal pain, diarrhea and dyspepsia, associated with fever. The combination of kalamegha, nadihingu, vaca, hingu (Asofoetida) and trikatu

Marketing Communication Implications Marketing Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communication for Implications Marketing Strategy. Answer: Introduction: Kogan is one of the most popular homegrown retailers prevailing a recognizable place in the realm of retail industry. Headquartered in Australia, this particular organization has started its journey in the year 2006 under the direction of Ruslan Kogan. At the initial stage, Kogan was only concerned about selling television. Their marketing strategy and policy was very much successful to draw the attention of customers within short period. Having achieved a positive response, the marketing executives decided to expand their entire business process all over Australia. At the end to 2014, Kogan was very much successful to launch 14 more retail categories in order to enhance their target market. In addition, Kogan food items have already created a craze in the current market industry. The food items that have generated a market demand in Australia include nutella and pringles, razors, toothpaste and other confectionery items (kogan.com.au 2016). As per the current strategy of Integrated Marketing Communication Plan IMC managers aim to reach the doorstep of those customers who prevail beyond their own geographical boundary. Kogan tends to maintain e-commerce business process within the organization. In order to draw the attention of people from different geographical boundaries, the IMC managers should implement more business strategies and policies within the business process so that people apart from Australia can show their interest for purchasing the products and services of the organization (Berthon et al. 2012). Before expanding the entire business process in various countries the IMC managers have decided to look into two primary factors. Firstly, Kogan have to be more flexible in their service process. Customers should never wait for a long time in order to get a service from this organization. Secondly, the marketing executives have to become more active and responsive for promoting the products of Kogan. Delivering quality product to the customers would never be able to render the success of business. Marketing executives should communicate with the customers effectively so that the customers can differentiate Kogan with other organizations from the same industry (Cornelissen 2014). However, behind choosing retail sector as the source of revenue, the primary purposes of Kogan are as follows: To reach the target customer more effectively To occupy a place in the global market as well To enhance the target customers Brief analysis of the market segmentation Kogan has decided to segment their target audience based on the three primary perspectives that include geographic, demographic and psychographic. Geographic: Based on the market size, development of market and climate the customers have been segregated from various geographical areas (Dai et al. 2012). Kogan IMC managers have planned to target Sydney, Melbourne, Tasmania, Cairns, Perth, Brisbane within Australia as per the market size of these areas. People of these particular areas are able to afford the prices of Kogan products. Therefore, the IMC managers have decided to implement their communication strategy in those places for drawing the customers attention. As per the current communication strategy of Kogan, the organization aims to reach multinational countries for expanding their entire business process (Ferrante et al. 2014). At the first stage, Kogan IMC managers have decided to target two major countries US and UK to circulate their brands and services due to the wide range of market size and highly progressive culture. Demographic: Demographic market segmentation is constituted with age, level of income and gender. Kagon likes to maintain ecommerce business process with the help of which the marketing executives have targeted the people from different geographical boundary (Fouladgar and Simeone 2012). The people from 18 to 40 age group have primarily been selected as a target customer for this particular organization. People having medium level of income status are able to afford the products of Kogan. The IMC managers of Kogan have decided to maintain the product rate in such a way that both premium customers as well as the low cost customers can easily use the products and services. Kogan is currently dealing with the different categories of retail elements (Gray 2013). Therefore, both the male and the female customers have been selected as their target market. Psychographic: Psychographic market segmentation implies the culture, beliefs and values of different people. Kogan has designed their products in such a way that people from various culture and background can show their interest for purchasing these. Products should not be designed based on a specific culture and attitude (Jameson and Brownell 2012). As a result, the company has to depend on a limited target market. In addition, in order to reach the psychographic market of international field, the IMC managers have intended to plan for maintaining the product promotion in such a way that products can draw the attention of the customers. Objectives of communication: Before communicating the entire promotional activities, the IMC managers of Kogan have set several distinct objectives. The objectives are as follows: Rendering brand awareness: At the very beginning of journey, Kogan had to struggle immensely in order to create a recognizable position. From the year 2011, this particular company started to flourish their wings by expanding their food items more widely. Effective communication is one of the major tools of being familiar with different types of customers (Koskela 2013). Communication can be maintained both verbally or non-verbally. The service providers should be flexible of maintaining non-verbal communication with those people who are having linguistic barrier. Only quality service and product cannot be the effective pathways of getting success for a business organization. As per the instruction of IMC managers, the marketing executives have to communicate with the customers either directly or by utilizing the platform media. Gaining product reliability as well as overview of the company: In order to gain the reliability of products, the IMC managers have to provide an in-depth overview about the origin and the positive aspects of the brand. The ingredients that have been used at the time of manufacturing the product are clearly mentioned in this particular at the time of promotion (Li et al. 2015). In addition, the positive response of the customers who have already used this product should also be pointed out in order to gain the trust of people. The impression of a company is highly dependent of the service and product quality. If the customers are satisfied after using the product and services, they become one of the major tools of product promotion. A positive response from the customers helps to enhance the reputation as well as image of a specific company. Kogan is not exceptional to that. Raising the purchasing tendency of customers: Before purchasing a specific brand, the customers intend to get an in-depth overview about the reliability of that specific brand. Communication strategy has been considered as one of the most effective tools that would help to enhance the purchasing tendency of customers. Direct communication or in-direct communication both helps to draw the customers attention. With the help of direct communication, the service providers get the scope to interact directly with the customers (Macnamara and Zerfass 2012). The feedbacks that are collect from the customers are immediate. In case of in-direct communication, the service providers get the response being delayed. Kogan prefers to use direct communication for interacting with the customers directly. Chose one communication objectives from the above implementing the ethical issues Among three communication objectives that have already been discussed earlier, Kogan likes to stress on first objective especially within the entire process of business. This particular organization has dealt with the customers in such a way that customers can show their interest to purchase the products and services (Minas et al. 2012). However, brand awareness is the primary objective based on which Kogan wants to run their entire business process successfully in the market. In order to create a serious awareness on brands Kogan has to consider several factors. Celebrity endorsement is one of the major step or factor based on which the organizations can create the brand awareness. Celebrities create brand personalities. Whenever, one individual celebrity is seen to promote a particular product, the general people show their interest to purchase the product more effectively (Miritello et al. 2013). Therefore, most of the business organizations intend to create their brand awareness by using the popularity of celebrities. It creates an additional effect on the minds of target customers. In addition, in order to circulate the awareness of brand, organization can use the popularity of media as well. Kogan has raised their brand awareness by using some of the major tools of promotional activities (Quenot et al. 2012). Among the promotional tools, using the hoardings and banners, electronic media, digital media are most prominent. Kogan always likes to cast the popular celebrities for running their promotional activities. The persons who chosen f or the brand promotion of Kogan should have immense popularity and reputation in the realm of glamour industry. As a result, people from different geographical areas can easily recognize this individual person (Quirke 2012). Recently, Kogan is dreaming to expand their entire process of business to various multination countries in order to circulate their brands and products to the international market. Business expansion is one of the major ways for creating brand awareness on the target customers. Media plan: Media plan is constituted with several factors. Media plan can be conducted successfully by creating a specific media budget in order to make en effective promotion in various geographical areas. Media is the only effective tool based on which the products as well as services can be promoted effectively (Shirey 2012). Providing a quality product and services to the customers is not the only solution of rendering the success of an organization. In order to reach the product successfully to the doorstep of the customers, product promotion is highly important. Media in this case is the major component based on which the products have been promoted effectively. Kogan, as already stated is a renowned online retail shop occupying a recognizable place in Australia. Therefore, new media is the major pathways based on which the marketing executives like to promote the brands and products of this particular company. Australia is very much advanced in technology. Therefore, the inhabitants of Australia do not have to face major difficulties in order to deal with the new technology (Singhal and Rogers 2012). In the official website of Kogan, detailed overview has been provided about the aims and objective; mission and future vision of Kogan. However, new media has been chosen as the selected media tool for Kogan due to several reasons (Utz, Schultz and Glocka 2013). The reasons are as follows: Technological advancement: The technological advancement of Australia helps the inhabitants to be accustomed with the various functions of new technologies based on which they can use the service process of Kogan sitting at their drawing room. Dealing with the people of different geographical boundaries: Digital media helps to draw the attention of people from various geographical boundaries. In order to use the service and products, the customers would not have to visit the organization physically. They should know the online order procedures. Therefore, they can use the service of Kogan from various corners of different places. The online order procedure of Kogan is very easy. People having minimum literacy level are able to access the website of this particular organization (Utz, Schultz and Glocka 2013). In addition, transaction procedure of Kogan is also very effective. The supply chain managers are very much concerned about the demand and supply of the products. Maintaining a direct communication with the target customers: Kogan with the help of their public forum can communicate directly with the target audience. The service providers are available for twenty-four hours in order to resolve the queries of customers. In order to make any comment regarding the product or the services of this organization, the customers like to drop messages to the public forum. The service providers like to keep a touch on the feedbacks coming from the customers. Feedback includes both positive and negative. As per the feedback received from the customers, the business managers like to change their marketing and communication strategies and policies. Media budget: In order to promote the products of Kogan, the budget that the marketing executives of Kogan have calculated are as follows: Figure 1: Media Budget (Source: Singhal and Rogers 2012) IMC Plan evaluation: After conducting the entire integrated marketing communication plan, it can be evaluated that communication strategy is one of the most effective tools for drawing the customers attention. Communication strategy would be effective only when the organization gets a positive response from the customers. Kogan after making the IMC plan, have received immense positive feedback from the people of different geographical boundaries. In order to maintain an ecommerce retail shop, the people from 18 to 40 age group are the primary target customers. Kogan is not exceptional to that. Kogan being an online retail shop is able to draw the attention of different people from various places of Australia. After evaluating the entire IMC plan of Kogan, it can be concluded that IMC managers should provide more emphasis on promotional activities in order to draw customers attention. Apart from the media plan, the marketing managers should follow marketing mix strategy as well in order to place the brand properly. In addition, new media should be used as a tool of promotion more effectively so that customers can get an in-depth overview about the brand reliability of Kogan. The customer service system should be more effective and communicative for running the entire business successfully along with maintaining the reputation and organizational image. Reference List: Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Dai, Z., Liu, J., Wang, C. and Long, K., 2012. An adaptive cooperation communication strategy for enhanced opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radios.IEEE Communications Letters,16(1), pp.40-43. Ferrante, E., Turgut, A.E., Stranieri, A., Pinciroli, C., Birattari, M. and Dorigo, M., 2014. A self-adaptive communication strategy for flocking in stationary and non-stationary environments.Natural Computing,13(2), pp.225-245. Fouladgar, A.M. and Simeone, O., 2012. On the transfer of information and energy in multi-user systems.IEEE Communications Letters,16(11), pp.1733-1736. Gray, J.B., 2013. Message framing: A communication strategy for the medical encounter.Journal of Communication in Healthcare. Jameson Ph D, D. and Brownell Ph D, J., 2012. Telling your hotels green story: Developing an effective communication strategy to convey environmental values. Kogan.com.au, 2016. | Australia's Premier Shopping Destination.Kogan Australia. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://www.kogan.com/au Koskela, M., 2013. Same, same, but different: Intertextual and interdiscursive features of communication strategy texts.Discourse Communication,7(4), pp.389-407. Li, H., Liao, X., Chen, G., Hill, D.J., Dong, Z. and Huang, T., 2015. Event-triggered asynchronous intermittent communication strategy for synchronization in complex dynamical networks.Neural Networks,66, pp.1-10. Macnamara, J. and Zerfass, A., 2012. Social media communication in organizations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management.International Journal of Strategic Communication,6(4), pp.287-308. Minas, B., Laing, S., Jordan, H. and Mak, D.B., 2012. Improved awareness and appropriate use of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for HIV prevention following a multi-modal communication strategy.BMC Public Health,12(1), p.1. Miritello, G., Moro, E., Lara, R., Martnez-Lpez, R., Belchamber, J., Roberts, S.G. and Dunbar, R.I., 2013. Time as a limited resource: Communication strategy in mobile phone networks.Social Networks,35(1), pp.89-95. Quenot, J.P., Rigaud, J.P., Prin, S., Barbar, S., Pavon, A., Hamet, M., Jacquiot, N., Blettery, B., Herv, C., Charles, P.E. and Moutel, G., 2012. Suffering among carers working in critical care can be reduced by an intensive communication strategy on end-of-life practices.Intensive care medicine,38(1), pp.55-61. Quirke, M.B., 2012.Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Shirey, M.R., 2012. Stakeholder analysis and mapping as targeted communication strategy.Journal of Nursing Administration,42(9), pp.399-403. Singhal, A. and Rogers, E., 2012.Entertainment-education: A communication strategy for social change. Routledge. Utz, S., Schultz, F. and Glocka, S., 2013. Crisis communication online: How medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.Public Relations Review,39(1), pp.40-46.